对犯罪人本质特征的思考

发布时间：2018-06-24 15:03

本文选题：犯罪人特征 + 人的属性　；参考：《中国政法大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 犯罪人与非犯罪人是否存在差异,犯罪人群体是否具有该类群体独特的本质特征,是在犯罪心理学的研究中必须回答的。由于公众对犯罪人的认识往往具有非理性特点,导致在情感与道德上对犯罪人的社会排斥,这种状况不仅影响法律公平原则,也不利于罪犯的改造。而犯罪人的法律身份特征和外在的犯罪行为特征,并不是犯罪人最为本质的特征。对犯罪人特征进行深入的研究,在理论上和现实中都有意义。本文采用心理学、社会学、法学等多学科理论,使用次级分析的方法,定量研究与定性分析相结合,在对以往犯罪人特征研究进行总结与借鉴的基础上,对犯罪人与非犯罪人进行了多种维度的类比,进而总结与探讨有关犯罪人本质特征的问题。本文首先提出了在犯罪人研究中应遵循的多维模式的方法论原则。从人的物质属性、生物属性、心理属性、社会属性四个层面归纳了个体与上述属性相对应的存在性、适应性、目的性、关系性特点。认为对犯罪人的研究绝不能强调单一维度或单一特征决定论,而应从人的属性出发,结合个体的特征,从动态和上述属性与特点交互作用的层面进行认识。在个体作为人所具备的生物属性、心理属性和社会属性方面,不仅犯罪人与非犯罪人有进行类比以显示不同特征的可能性,即便是犯罪人之间,也存在明显的差别。以往研究的各种有关犯罪人特征的结论之所以不具有预测性,正是在于以物理学方法割裂了人的整体性,以绝对主义的原则强调单一因素决定论的结果。犯罪的本质乃至犯罪人的本质特征,虽然都由危害性行为引发,但在行为的背后,不同个体有着不同的个体特征。反社会性、人身危险性等由外在标签方法并不能代表犯罪人的本质特征。犯罪人个体或群体的本质特征首先可以从犯罪的主要自变量——人格方面体现出来。人格是个体在环境适应过程中表现出的内在心理特征与外在行为特征的统一体,有着稳定性、整体性和跨时间与情境的一致性。在人格层面,人与人的差别是可以观察的,但这不等于说犯罪人的人格在整体上构成不同于非犯罪人的本质特征,而是说犯罪人所具有的人格中的不同特质的状态和组合方式有别于非犯罪人,犯罪人正是因为具有了不同的人格特质,才使他们比非犯罪人更容易出现不同环境中的社会不适应,犯罪也正是社会不适应的具体表现。在理性的层面上,也可以发现犯罪人的特征,尤其是以认知心理学进行演绎的时候。经济学上的理性是指自私的行为,法学的角度表现为自制,而在心理学上,理性是自知。在这些方面,都可以总结属于犯罪人群体规律性的特征。人格作为具体个人的整体面貌,往往只代表个体。犯罪群体与守法群体的差异,要根据犯罪人个体的特征进行归纳,这种差别体现在犯罪人的个性上,体现在人格的社会化程度上,而不完全体现在所谓人格方面。犯罪人的本质特征存在于人的生物属性、心理属性和社会属性的不同层面,它们系统地作用于具体的个人,并构成犯罪人群体整体的特征。
[Abstract]:Whether there is a difference between the offender and the non offender, whether the criminal group has the unique essential characteristics of the group, is to be answered in the study of the criminal psychology. Because the public's understanding of the criminal is often irrational, it leads to the social exclusion of the offender in the emotion and morality, which not only affects the law, but also affects the law. The principle of fairness is not conducive to the transformation of criminals, but the characteristics of the criminal's legal identity and the external criminal behavior are not the most essential characteristics of the offender. It is of great significance both in theory and in reality to make a thorough study of the character of the criminal.
This article uses the multidisciplinary theory of psychology, sociology, law and so on, using the method of secondary analysis, quantitative research and qualitative analysis. On the basis of summarizing and drawing lessons from the previous study of the character of the criminal, the author makes a variety of dimensions to the criminal and non offenders, and then summarizes and discusses the essential characteristics of the criminal. Problem.
This paper first puts forward the multi-dimensional model of the methodological principle that should be followed in the study of the criminal. From four aspects of human material property, biological attribute, psychological attribute and social attribute, the existence, adaptability, purposeful and relational specificity of the individual and the above attributes are summed up. It is believed that the study of the criminal can never emphasize a single dimension. Or the single characteristic determinism, and should be based on the attributes of the person and the characteristics of the individual, to understand the interaction between the dynamic and the attributes and the characteristics. In the aspects of the individual's biological attributes, psychological attributes and social attributes, not only the offender and the non offender have the possibility of displaying different characteristics, but also the criminal and non offenders. Even among the perpetrators, there are obvious differences. The reason why the previous studies on the characteristics of the criminal are not predictable is precisely because it separates the integrity of human beings by physical methods, and emphasizes the result of the determinism of a single factor by the principle of absolutism.
The essence of crime and the essential characteristics of the offender are all caused by harmful behavior, but behind the behavior, different individuals have different individual characteristics. The external label method does not represent the essential characteristics of the criminal.
The essential characteristics of the individual or group of the criminal can first be reflected from the main self variable of the crime. Personality is the unity of the inner psychological characteristics and the external behavior characteristics shown by the individual in the process of environmental adaptation. It has the consistency of stability, integrity and cross time with the situation. The difference can be observed, but it does not mean that the personality of a criminal is different from the non offender on the whole, but that the state and the combination of the different traits of the personality of the perpetrator are different from those of the non offender, and the perpetrator is just because they have different personality traits that make them more than non offenders. It is easy for society to be different in different environments. Crime is also a concrete manifestation of social adjustment.
On the rational level, the character of the perpetrator can also be found, especially when it is deducted by cognitive psychology. The economic rationality refers to the selfish behavior, the legal point of view is self-control, and in psychology, reason is self-knowledge. In these aspects, it can always be characterized by the regularity of the criminal group.
As a whole, personality is often represented as an individual. The difference between the criminal group and the law-abiding group should be summed up according to the individual characteristics of the criminal. This difference is embodied in the personality of the criminal, and is embodied in the socialization degree of the personality, but not in the so-called personality.
The essential characteristics of the perpetrators exist in the different levels of human beings' biological attributes, psychological attributes and social attributes, which systematically act on specific individuals and constitute the overall characteristics of the criminal group.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D917.2

【引证文献】