枪弹伤射击距离及损伤时间推断的实验研究

发布时间：2018-08-03 13:33

【摘要】： 目的:判断射击距离是枪案检验必须解决的重要问题之一,对于犯罪现场重建发挥着关键作用。射击距离的判断主要是依赖于射入口周围射击残留物(GSR)的量和分布。制式枪械及枪弹的品种规格是固定的,发射后GSR的分布和金属成分的含量等也应该基本一致,因此可以根据GSR来推断射击距离与枪弹类型。GSR的形成是底火和枪支材料在高温高压下,快速气化压缩,飞出枪管后迅速固化的结果。目前检测GSR的方法很多,但由于其检测的准确性、灵敏度以及GSR形态观察方面的缺陷而限制其应用的范围。扫描电镜与X-ray能谱仪检测联合应用,能在研究显微形态的同时,进行成分分析,具有形态学和微量元素定量分析的双重优点,从而增加了不同类型GSR分析的特异性,有利于对枪弹及其射击距离的推断。本研究旨在系统研究不同射击距离下,GSR的分布情况,建立合适的GSR分布评分标准,运用统计分析的方法,分析射击距离与GSR颗粒量的分布关系,建立相应的函数公式,为今后法医检验案件,判断射击距离提供科学依据。方法:分别用5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪以不同距离(5、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、120cm)在无风的情况下,垂直于乳猪皮肤射击后,以射入口边缘为起点,向外取半径3cm范围的皮肤制成电镜标本,用扫描电镜观察GSR并计数及能谱分析。根据不同距离和视野的评分情况,运用统计学主成分分析和多元回归原理,以SAS统计软件分析射击距离与GSR分布的对应关系,建立具有明确关系的经验公式。结果:5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪射出的GSR能谱分析,均可见含有铅、锑、钡等元素,两者在元素种类上没有差别。应用SAS统计软件分别对5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪实验数据进行主成分回归统计分析,得出回归方程。从实际值和预计值间的差值变化表明,无论是5.4式手枪还是7.9式轻型冲锋枪,其射击距离和GSR颗粒之间总体表现为直线关系。结论: 1. SEM/EDX检测分析GSR,能够用于5.4式手枪和7.9式轻型冲锋枪射击距离的判断,并建立了判断射击距离的函数回归方程,可运用于实际检案。2. SEM/EDX检测分析GSR,不能用于发射同一类别子弹的不同枪支的鉴别。目的:尽管我国政府对枪支的管理十分严格,但随着我国对外开放程度的加大,走私和自制枪支不断增多,因此.涉枪案件正在逐年增加。对于枪弹伤相关知识的研究目前并不少,但是专门针对枪弹伤损伤时间的研究尚没有相关报道。本实验采用Northern Blot和Western Blot法,分别对MMP-1和MMP-3在皮肤枪弹伤后不同时间的mRNA和蛋白质进行定量分析,旨在研究枪弹伤后MMP-1和MMP-3随时间变化的情况,以期为枪弹伤后的损伤时间判断提供新依据。方法:将重300g左右的实验大鼠随机分为10组,即对照组和枪弹伤后0小时、1小时、3小时、6小时、12小时、18小时、24小时、48小时、72小时组,每组3只。枪弹伤的建模方法是用小口径手枪近距离(距射击部位5cm处)射击实验大鼠后将其放回笼中,存活至限定时间后,沿距创缘0.5cm处取全层皮肤;而对照组不经任何处理直接取材。取材后分别用Western Blot法和Northern Blot法对MMP-1和MMP-3进行定量检测。结果:在所设的实验组内,Western Blot和Northern Blot两种方法的结果相似,枪弹伤后即刻其表达就有增加,以后表达继续升高,一直呈上升趋势;而阴性对照组几乎没有表达。尽管MMP-1和MMP-3在体外可由许多种正常细胞产生,但在正常休眠组织中其水平极低,一般难以检测。在体内,MMP-1和MMP-3主要是生理和病理条件下,在组织生长和重构期间表达,广泛发挥其生物学功能。这说明枪弹伤后即刻MMP-1和MMP-3就参加了损伤后组织的重构。结论:枪弹伤导致了MMP-1和MMP-3的表达增加,其增加的规律性可用于枪弹伤后损伤时间的推断。
[Abstract]:Objective: to judge the shooting distance is one of the important problems that must be solved in the case of the gun case test. It plays a key role in the reconstruction of the crime scene. The judgement of the shooting distance is mainly dependent on the quantity and distribution of the shooting residue (GSR) around the entrance. The variety specifications of the firearms and the firearms are fixed, the distribution of the GSR after the launch and the metal composition after the firing are fixed. The content and so on should be basically consistent, so it is possible to deduce that the formation of the firing distance and the type.GSR of the bullet is the result of the rapid solidification of the bottom fire and the firearms under the high temperature and pressure, the rapid gasification compression and the flying out of the barrel. There are many methods to detect GSR at present, but because of its accuracy, sensitivity and observation of the shape of the GSR, the detection of GSR is very important. The joint application of scanning electron microscope and X-ray spectrometer can be used in the study of microscopic morphology and composition analysis, with the dual advantages of morphological and trace element quantitative analysis, which increases the specificity of different types of GSR analysis and is beneficial to infer the bullet and its shooting distance. The aim of this study is to systematically study the distribution of GSR under different shooting distances, establish a suitable standard for scoring of GSR distribution, and analyze the relationship between the firing distance and the distribution of GSR particles by statistical analysis, and establish a corresponding function formula to provide a scientific basis for the future forensic test cases and the judgement of shooting distance.
Methods: 5.4 type pistol and 7.9 type light submachine gun were used in different distance (5,10,15,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90120cm) in the case of no wind. After shooting the skin of the pig, the skin of the radius 3cm range was taken from the entrance edge as the starting point. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the GSR and the energy spectrum analysis. By using statistical principal component analysis and multiple regression principle, the corresponding relationship between shooting distance and GSR distribution is analyzed by SAS statistical software, and an empirical formula with definite relationship is established.
Results: the GSR spectrum analysis of the type 5.4 pistol and the 7.9 type light submachine gun was found to contain elements such as lead, antimony, barium and other elements. There was no difference between the two elements. The statistical software of the SAS statistical software was used to analyze the experimental data of the 5.4 type pistol and the 7.9 type light charge gun respectively, and the regression equation was obtained. From the actual value and the expected value, the regression equation was obtained. The variation of the difference shows that the shooting distance of the 5.4 pistol and 7.9 submachine gun has a linear relationship with the GSR particles.
Conclusion: 1. SEM/EDX detection and analysis GSR can be used to judge the shooting distance of 5.4 type pistol and 7.9 type light submachine gun, and the function regression equation is established to judge the shooting distance. It can be used for the actual detection of.2. SEM/EDX detection and analysis GSR, which can not be used to identify the different guns of the same category of bullets.
Objective: Although the government of our government is very strict in the management of firearms, with the increasing degree of opening to the outside world, smuggling and self-made guns are increasing, so the case of gun involved is increasing year by year. There is a lot of research on the related knowledge of gunshot wound, but there is no related report on the time of gunshot injury. The quantitative analysis of mRNA and protein of MMP-1 and MMP-3 at different time after gunshot wound of skin was carried out by Northern Blot and Western Blot method. The aim of this study was to study the change of MMP-1 and MMP-3 with time after gunshot wound, in order to provide a new basis for judging the damage time after gunshot wound.
Methods: the experimental rats weighing about 300g were randomly divided into 10 groups, namely, the control group and the gunshot wound 0 hours, 1 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, each group 3. The modeling method of gunshot wound was to use the small caliber pistol near distance (distance from the shooting location 5cm) to shoot the rats and survive the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage and survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage and survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, survived the cage, surviving. Survival After limited time, the whole layer of skin was taken along the margin of 0.5cm, while the control group was obtained without any treatment. The quantitative detection of MMP-1 and MMP-3 was carried out by Western Blot method and Northern Blot method respectively.
Results: in the experimental group, the results of the two methods of Western Blot and Northern Blot were similar. The expression of the bullet increased immediately after the bullet wound, and the expression continued to rise, and the negative control group had been increasing, while the negative control group had almost no expression. Although MMP-1 and MMP-3 could be produced by many normal cells in vitro, but in normal dormancy tissue. In the body, MMP-1 and MMP-3 are mainly expressed in the physiological and pathological conditions and are expressed during tissue growth and reconstruction, and their biological functions are widely used. This shows that immediately after the bullet wound, MMP-1 and MMP-3 have participated in the reconstruction of tissue after injury.
Conclusion: gunshot wound has increased the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, and the regularity of its increase can be used to deduce the time of injury after gunshot wound.
【学位授予单位】：重庆医科大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D919

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