我国司法鉴定制度改革问题研究

发布时间：2018-09-01 14:44

【摘要】：在我国司法改革不断深入发展的背景下，伴随着我国诉讼制度的改革和诉讼价值取向的转变，司法鉴定作为司法诉讼中不可或缺的一部分，日益为人们所认识并加以利用，有时甚至成为案件定性的依据。但由于历史的积淀、法律的滞后以及利益的掣肘，我国现行的司法鉴定制度存在着许多弊端，如司法鉴定管理工作混乱，鉴定结论出现了多头鉴定、重复鉴定、以及虚假鉴定等诸多问题，使大量案件悬而不决，造成当事人意见很大，甚至上访上告而形成热点问题，这些都严重地损害了司法鉴定的公信力，影响了司法公正与效率。如何解决这一系列的问题，建立一套科学性、客观性、权威性、中立性的司法鉴定制度，是当前我国司法鉴定领域工作的重中之重。本文从司法鉴定的基础理论出发，同时对国外司法鉴定制度的介绍，综合分析我国司法鉴定制度建立过程及目前面临的主要问题，以期提出我国司法鉴定改革的进路。本文第一部分阐明了司法鉴定及司法鉴定制度的定义，并对其法理学内涵的进行探讨，同时介绍近年来司法界理论界的专家学者对司法鉴定制度改革的学说，着重对其中主流的观点如“一元制说”、“多元制说”、“一元多极说”等进行了介绍，以期能在理论上使读者对司法鉴定制度有比较深入的了解。第二部分介绍了国外目前两大法系国家——大陆法系及英美法系的司法鉴定制度及各自特点，并结合法、德、意、日、英、美等主要国家中的司法鉴定制度，，详细加以说明。最后对两大法系下的司法鉴定制度的特点进行总结，指出西方各法制国家的司法鉴定制度的优缺点及经验教训，分析对于我国司法鉴定制度改革的可借鉴之处。第三部分系统回顾了我国司法鉴定制度的建立、改革、发展的过程，以及我国司法鉴定理论从无到有，不断成熟发展的艰辛的历程，分析目前司法鉴定领域中各种问题的历史背景及社会原因。同时对我国目前司法鉴定的现状加以说明，并对司法鉴定制度所面临的问题予以分析，指出目前我国司法鉴定主问题主要有：缺乏与司法鉴定的相关的统一细化的法律及规章制度以及司法鉴定所依据的规范的鉴定标准、司法鉴定的管理体制尚不健全；司法鉴定的启动程序仍不明晰；鉴定机构及鉴定人的准入、监督及退出的管理机制尚不科学等方面问题，以提出有会对性的解决方案。本文第四部分指出我国司法鉴定制度改革的目标,实施的原则，以及我国司法鉴定制度改革的具体方式。即通过完善司法鉴定所依赖的法律法规，细化行业标准及规范运行准则；完善司法鉴定的启动主体和鉴定人权利的法律制度；对司法鉴定的管理体制进行革新；完善鉴定人员及鉴定机构的准入及监督制度，构建出有中国特色的科学的社会主义司法鉴定体系。
[Abstract]:With the continuous development of judicial reform in China, along with the reform of the litigation system and the change of the value orientation of litigation, judicial expertise, as an indispensable part of judicial proceedings, is increasingly recognized and utilized by people, and sometimes even becomes the basis for the qualitative determination of cases. As well as the hindrance of interests, the current judicial expertise system in China has many drawbacks, such as the confusion of judicial expertise management, the emergence of multiple expertise, duplicate expertise, and false expertise, and many other problems, so that a large number of cases are pending, resulting in a great deal of opinions of the parties, and even petitions and petitions to form a hot issue. How to solve these problems and establish a set of scientific, objective, authoritative and neutral judicial expertise system is the most important work in the field of judicial expertise in our country. The first part of this article clarifies the definition of judicial expertise and judicial expertise system, discusses its jurisprudence connotation, and introduces the theoretical circles of judicial circles in recent years. Experts and scholars on the reform of the system of judicial expertise, focusing on the mainstream views such as the "one system theory", "multi-system theory", "one multi-polarity theory" and so on, in order to enable readers to have a more in-depth understanding of the system of judicial expertise in theory. The system of judicial expertise in the civil law system and the common law system and their respective characteristics are described in detail in combination with the system of judicial expertise in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Britain and the United States. The third part systematically reviews the establishment, reform and development of the judicial expertise system in China, as well as the arduous course of the development of the theory of judicial expertise from scratch, and analyzes the historical background and social reasons of various problems in the field of judicial expertise. At the same time, it explains the current situation of judicial expertise in China, and analyzes the problems faced by the system of judicial expertise, pointing out that the main problems of judicial expertise in China are the lack of unified and detailed laws and regulations related to judicial expertise, the standard of expertise on which judicial expertise is based, and the problems of judicial expertise. The fourth part of this article points out the goal of the reform of the judicial expertise system, the principles of its implementation and the judicial lessons learned in China. The specific ways to reform the customized system are as follows: perfecting the laws and regulations on which judicial expertise relies, refining the trade standards and operating norms; perfecting the legal system of the rights of the initiator and the expert; reforming the management system of judicial expertise; perfecting the access and supervision system of the expert and appraisal institutions. Constructing a scientific socialist judicial expertise system with Chinese characteristics.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D918.9

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