美国联邦制与德国联邦制比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-08 13:32

本文选题：联邦制　切入点：权力分配　出处：《贵州大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：联邦制是指国家权力的最终归属权由全国性政府和区域性政府根据宪法分享,双方均不能单方面改变宪定权力分享格局的一种国家结构形式类型。本文主要从美国联邦制与德国联邦制的起源与演进、美国联邦制与德国联邦制的结构和美国联邦制与德国联邦制的功能三个方面进行比较研究。美国联邦制与德国联邦制是联邦制国家的典型,选择美国联邦制与德国联邦制做比较研究具有重要的意义。比较研究美国、德国联邦制有助于我们了解美国、德国联邦政府处理联邦与州的权力处理方式,了解美国联邦制与德国联邦制的结构和功能的差异。美国与德国都是在国家构建的时候选择了联邦制,而且都是分权制衡联邦制国家,在联邦制的演进过程中,美国联邦制经历了二元联邦主义、合作联邦主义和新联邦主义三个时期;德国联邦制在演进过程中经历了联邦制国家单一化、新合作联邦制、德国联邦制面临两德统一的挑战和欧洲一体化对德国联邦制的挑战几个不同的时期。美国联邦制与德国联邦制有相同的背景因数,美国联邦制与德国联邦制除了其相似性的功能外,由于美国联邦制与德国联邦制的分权结构差异,导致了二者之间的差异性功能的产生,主要表现在联邦与州的权力均势不同、对公共事务的决策权不同、行政权力的执行不同和完成政府职能的方式不同。联邦制的核心是处理联邦与州之间的关系,美国宪法划分了联邦与州之间的权力,联邦政府与州政府在各自的权力范围内执行自己的法律权力,双方互不干涉,有两套平行的政府体制;德国宪法同样划分了联邦与州之间的权力,但二者在立法和执行上不同,立法权力主要集中在联邦,而法律的执行主要由各州执行,各州只在少数几个领域有立法权。通过美国、德国联邦制的比较研究,可以给我们提供一些重要的启示,比如推进政府治理现代化,促进国家统一和加快民族自治地方发展,适度下放权力,加强中央政府的权力。目前,国内没有学者对美国联邦制与德国联邦制作出系统全面的比较研究,只有一个人研究了联邦制下美国与德国的立法权分配模式,所以本文研究填补了这方面的空白,具有一定学术意义与学术价值。
[Abstract]:Federalism means that the ultimate ownership of state power is shared by national and regional governments in accordance with the Constitution. Neither side can unilaterally change the constitutional power-sharing pattern of a type of state structure. This paper mainly from the origin and evolution of the United States federal system and Germany federal system. The structure of the United States federal system and the German federal system and the functions of the United States federal system and the German federal system are compared in three aspects. The United States federal system and the German federal system are the typical countries of the federal system. It is of great significance to choose a comparative study of the federal system of the United States and the federal system of Germany. A comparative study of the United States and the Federal system of Germany will help us understand the way in which the Federal Government of Germany deals with federal and state powers. Understand the differences between the structure and function of the United States federal system and the German federal system. Both the United States and Germany chose the federal system when the country was built, and they were both the countries with the separation of powers to check and balance the federal system. In the evolution of the federal system, the United States and Germany both chose the federal system in the course of the evolution of the federal system. The United States federal system has experienced three periods: dualistic federalism, cooperative federalism and neo-federalism; German federalism has experienced the unification of federalism and the new cooperative federalism in the process of evolution. The German federal system faces the challenge of the unification of two Germany and the challenge of the European integration to the German federal system in several different periods. The United States federal system and the German federal system have the same background factors. In addition to its similar functions, the United States federal system and the German federal system have different functions due to the difference in the decentralized structure between the United States federal system and the German federal system, which is mainly reflected in the difference in the balance of power between the federal and the state. The decision-making power of public affairs is different, the executive power is different and the way of completing government functions is different. The core of federalism is dealing with the relationship between the federal and the state, and the constitution of the United States divides the power between the federations and the states. The federal and state governments exercise their own legal powers within the limits of their respective powers. They do not interfere in each other. They have two parallel systems of government. The German Constitution also divides the powers between the federations and the states, but they are different in legislation and enforcement. Legislative powers are mainly concentrated in the Federation, while the enforcement of laws is mainly carried out by the L 盲 nder. The L 盲 nder have legislative powers in only a few areas. Through comparative studies of the federal system in the United States and Germany, we can provide some important enlightenment. For example, to promote the modernization of government governance, to promote national unity and accelerate the development of ethnic autonomous areas, to decentralize power moderately, and to strengthen the power of the central government. At present, No domestic scholars have made systematic and comprehensive comparative research on the federal system of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. Only one person has studied the mode of distribution of legislative power between the United States and Germany under the federal system, so the research in this paper fills up the gap in this respect. It has certain academic significance and academic value.
【学位授予单位】：贵州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D771.2;D751.6

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