宋代路级官员兼职问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-21 08:46

本文选题：宋代　切入点：路级　出处：《河北大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：宋代的主要路级机构包括转运使司(漕)、提点刑狱司(宪)、提举常平茶盐司(仓)、安抚使司(帅)四个机构。在四个路级机构中,转运使设置最早,在几乎包揽了一路大小事务,成为地方最高管理机构之后,权力逐渐为他司所侵夺;提刑司则自诞生时起,就负有管理一路之狱讼和限制漕司势力的双重职责,其后则陆续增加了其他任务,尤其是赋税的征收,形成了“第二征调系统”;提举常平司由于涉及到了北宋中后期变法引起的政争,命运颇为复杂,以最后与茶盐司的合并为机构的最终归宿;安抚司开始设置于边境,其职能也主要是军事性质的,至南宋遍设诸路,起初是一路最重要的管理机构,之后地位却迅速下降。随着宋代政治史的演变,这些机构的地位和职能也发生了变化,但权力分割和职能交叉,则是宋代政府一直努力维持的基本原则。与此同时,地方主管官员常常通过各类形式的“兼职”来扩大自己的权力范围。依据“兼职的任命是否制度化”和“机构的独立性”为标准,路级官员的兼职可以划分为“制度化\非制度化兼职”和“职务\职位性兼职”两大类共四种情况,这些类型的兼职在不同程度上为地方治理的顺畅发挥了作用;路级官员也存在各种不同的兼职类别,如路级官员的互兼、监司兼郡、兼任军职等,这些兼职产生的背景不同,发挥的政治效果也各异。对比两宋的兼职差异后可以发现,北宋的兼职通常属于制度化和职务性兼职,兼职的形式较为规整,且总体数量上少于南宋;南宋的非制度化兼职和职位性兼职大量增加,形式上也更具“随意性”。实际上,宋代路级官员兼职现象的频率与类型,很大程度上取决于宋代的社会稳定度。此外,不同官员的本职、官署的所在地等对官员兼职都会造成不同的影响。出于各种考虑,兼职之间也会存在某种回避性,但这种回避性有时候又会被其他因素打破。路级官员的兼职在省官节费、精简机构上发挥了重要的历史作用,通过兼职而集中的权力,也能在不同部门之间发挥协调作用,以消除机构的外部性,减少信息传递和执行成本,提高行政的“精确性”,适度兼职的存在,也有利于灵活处理突发状况或非常程事件。但兼职过多也会造成一些负面影响:一、破坏了地方官员相互监察和制约的制度设计用意;二、对官员造成了过重的行政负担,影响职务履行的效率;三、高层兼职现象的发展扩大了地方权力,损害了中央集权。
[Abstract]:In the Song Dynasty, the main agencies at the road level included the Department of Transport and the Department of Criminal Affairs (Xianhe), the Changping Tea and Salt Department (Cang Wei), and the Department of appeasement (Shuai). Among the four agencies at the road level, the transshipment agency was the first to be set up. After taking over almost all the affairs and becoming the highest local administrative body, the power was gradually encroached upon by other departments; and from the time of its birth, the Secretary for punishment had the dual responsibility of managing the prison proceedings along the way and restricting the power of the Caoshi. Since then, other tasks have been added one after another, especially the collection of taxes, which has formed a "second system of recruitment and dispatch." the fate of Chang Ping-shih was quite complicated because he was involved in the political struggle caused by the reform of the law in the middle and late periods of the Northern Song Dynasty. The final destination of the organization was the merger with the tea and salt department. The pacification department began to be set up on the border, and its functions were mainly of a military nature. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, it was the most important administrative organization. As the political history of the Song Dynasty evolved, the status and functions of these institutions also changed, but the division of power and the intersection of functions were the basic principles that the Song government had been striving to maintain. Local officials often extend their powers through various forms of "part-time work". Based on the criteria of "institutionalization of part-time appointments" and "institutional independence", Part-time of road officials can be divided into four categories: "institutionalized\ non-institutionalized part-time" and "post\ post part-time". These types of part-time work play a role in the smooth local governance to varying degrees; There are also various types of part-time jobs for road officials, such as the intermingling of road officials, the division of supervisors and counties, and military posts. These part-time jobs have different backgrounds and different political effects. After comparing the differences of part-time jobs between the two Song dynasties, it can be found that. The part-time work of the Northern Song Dynasty is usually institutionalized and job-related, and the form of part-time work is more regular, and the overall number is less than that of the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the number of non-institutionalized part-time and post part-time jobs has increased substantially, and the form is also more "arbitrary". In fact, The frequency and type of part-time work of road officials in the Song Dynasty depends to a large extent on the social stability of the Song Dynasty. In addition, the respective positions of different officials, the location of the government offices, etc. will have different effects on the part-time jobs of officials. For various reasons, There will also be some evasiveness between part-time jobs, but this evasiveness will sometimes be broken by other factors. Part-time work by road officials has played an important historical role in saving officials' fees and streamlining institutions, and through part-time work and centralized power, It can also play a coordinating role among different departments in order to eliminate the externalities of institutions, reduce the cost of information transmission and implementation, improve the "precision" of administration, and appropriately exist part-time jobs. It is also conducive to flexible handling of emergencies or extraordinary events. However, too many part-time jobs will also have some negative effects: first, it undermines the design of the system of mutual supervision and restriction of local officials; second, it creates an excessive administrative burden on officials. Third, the development of the phenomenon of high-level part-time work expands local power and damages centralization.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D691.4

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