社会运动理论视角下的土耳其伊斯兰运动研究

发布时间：2018-04-10 18:51

本文选题：土耳其伊斯兰运动 + 政党伊斯兰运动　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：进入20世纪之后,奥斯曼帝国在第一次世界大战后崩溃,世俗主义的土耳其共和国随即诞生,但土耳其国内的伊斯兰运动在世俗主义的土耳其共和国建立之后浴火重生,导致伊斯兰主义与世俗主义之间的博弈成为了土耳其政治和社会发展长期以来的主要内容。在土耳其伊斯兰运动的发展过程中,部分伊斯兰主义精英们将伊斯兰定义为个人精神层面的信仰,强调宗教不干预国家政治,致力于在市民社会领域为伊斯兰争取生存空间,从而发起了土耳其的社会伊斯兰运动;另一部分伊斯兰主义精英们,不仅加入其他政党,而且还成立了伊斯兰主义的政党,发起了土耳其的政党伊斯兰运动。政党伊斯兰运动和社会伊斯兰运动,分别在土耳其的政党政治领域和市民社会领域中同步进行,但都属于土耳其伊斯兰运动的一部分,都在土耳其共和国强大的世俗主义压力下,寻求自身的发展和壮大。然而,从2002年正义与发展党上台执政,到2016年发生“7·15未遂政变”,土耳其政治发展中世俗主义的势力逐渐式微,而伊斯兰主义精英之间的竞争逐渐占据了土耳其政治和社会发展的主要位置。本文通过建立社会运动理论的分析框架,来研究土耳其建国以来伊斯兰运动的产生、发展和不断壮大的过程。但是,任何一种社会运动理论流派都难以对土耳其伊斯兰运动做出全面客观的解释,而伊斯兰教作为土耳其伊斯兰运动中的核心要素,其通过土耳其伊斯兰运动对土耳其共和国的政治发展和社会变迁所产生的影响不容小觑。因此,本文还进一步将宗教政治学的分析方法贯穿于社会运动理论的框架中,并在此基础上解释土耳其伊斯兰运动如何在一个世俗主义国家中发起;伊斯兰政党如何逐步执掌了国家政权;以葛兰运动为代表的土耳其社会伊斯兰运动如何形成所谓的“平行国家”;同为土耳其伊斯兰运动的政党伊斯兰运动和社会伊斯兰运动为何相互竞争,并把矛盾升级成军事政变形式的冲突;伊斯兰政党领导的土耳其政党伊斯兰运动为何会在这场冲突中取胜,并成为土耳其伊斯兰运动的主导力量。通过对社会运动理论各种流派的分析,本文认为社会运动理论中最重要的三大要素,就是政治机会结构、组织形态和策略制定。其中,政治机会结构主要由社会运动所处的政治背景决定,包含了国际政治、国内政治和社会运动领导者三个层面上的政治机会;组织形态主要由社会运动本身的性质,以及社会运动发展的方式和空间决定,由社会运动各个组织机构之间的内在联系所构成,决定着社会运动的效率;策略制定是对社会运动的统筹和规划,主要包含了观念建构、社会运动目标和社会运动方式三方面的内容,关乎社会运动进展的顺利和成败。同时,社会运动理论三大要素也是一个动态过程,它们之间相互联系,缺一不可。有利的政治机会结构的出现可能给社会运动的发展带来质变,高效的组织形态推动着社会运动在量变上的积累,策略制定则不断根据实际情况对社会运动的发展做出调整,完善而灵活的策略制定不仅有利于提高组织形态的运作效率,而且还有助于促进有利的政治机会结构的出现,或者扩大现有的政治机会结构,甚至为社会运动的发展创造新的且更为有利的政治机会结构。分析表明,土耳其伊斯兰运动的发展经历了三次重要的政治机会结构:第一次政治机会结构的出现,推动了土耳其伊斯兰政党,民族秩序党和救国党的建立,并促使葛兰运动从土耳其社会伊斯兰运动中脱颖而出;第二次政治机会结构的形成和扩大,帮助土耳其伊斯兰政党福利党成为群众型政党,并使葛兰运动的发展初具规模;第三次政治机会结构的发展,使伊斯兰政党正义与发展党成为土耳其单独组阁的执政党,而葛兰运动的影响力也得到持续扩大。在此过程中,土耳其政党伊斯兰运动和社会伊斯兰运动搭建了各具特色的社会运动组织形态。其中,土耳其政党伊斯兰运动在福利党的带领下,搭建了纵向深入的等级制组织形态,土耳其社会伊斯兰运动在葛兰组织和葛兰运动得到带领下,搭建了横向延伸的平行组织形态。同时,土耳其政党伊斯兰运动和社会伊斯兰运动还有各自的策略制定,在策略制定上的分歧决定了它们之间相对独立又相互竞争的关系。最后,本文以“7·15未遂政变”为例,具体分析了土耳其政党伊斯兰运动和社会伊斯兰运动之间的联盟和竞争关系。土耳其政党伊斯兰运动由于在政治机会结构把握、组织形态运作效率以及策略制定灵活性等方面占有的优势,最终主导了土耳其的伊斯兰运动。总之,土耳其伊斯兰运动在土耳其独特的政治发展环境中形成了自身的特点,而土耳其伊斯兰运动的发展过程不仅影响着土耳其的政治发展,也影响着土耳其伊斯兰运动本身。“7·15未遂政变”的冲突既是土耳其伊斯兰运动发展的一个过程,也是土耳其伊斯兰运动发展的一个结果。这一结果对土耳其内政外交产生的深远影响必将在土耳其未来的政治发展中逐渐反映出来。
[Abstract]:After entering twentieth Century, the Osman empire collapsed after the first World War, secular Republic of Turkey was born in Turkey, but the Islamic movement in secular Republic of Turkey set up from the ashes, cause the game between Islamism and secularism has become the main content of Turkey's political and social development for a long time. In the process of the development of Islamic Turkey the movement, part of the Islamist Islamic elite will be defined as personal spiritual beliefs, that religion does not interfere with national politics, to fight for survival in the field of Civil Society for Islam, thus launched a social Islamic movement in Turkey; another part of the Islamist elite, not only to join other parties, but also set up the Islamist political party, launched the Islamic movement of Turkey. The Islamic Movement Party and social Islamic movement, respectively on synchronization of the political parties in Turkey and the field of civil society in the field, but they all belong to a part of the Islamic movement of Turkey, in Republic of Turkey's powerful secular pressure, to seek their own development and growth. However, since 2002, the justice and Development Party came to power, to 2016 7 / 15 attempted coup ", Turkey's political development in the secular forces gradually decline, and between Islamist elite competition gradually occupied the main position in Turkey's political and social development. Through the analysis framework of social movement theory, to study the Islamic movement of Turkey since the founding of new China, the development and expansion of the the process. However, any kind of social movement theories to the Islamic movement of Turkey make a comprehensive and objective explanation, Islam as the core element of the Islamic movement of Turkey, its influence by the Islamic movement of Turkey on Republic of Turkey's political development and social change which can not be underestimated. Therefore, the framework of this further analysis method of religious politics throughout the social movement theory, explain how to initiate the Islamic movement of Turkey in a secular in the country and on the basis of Islamic parties; how to in charge of the state power; on the Gulen movement as the representative of the Islamic movement of Turkey society to form a so-called "parallel state"; the same as the Islamic movement of Turkey party Islamic movement and social Islamic movement why competition and conflict escalate into conflict in the form of a military coup; why the Islamic Party leader of Turkey party Islamic movement will prevail in this conflict, And become the leading force of the Islamic movement of Turkey. Through the analysis of various genres of social movement theory, the three most important elements of the social movement theory, is the political opportunity structure, organization form and strategy. Among them, the political opportunity structure mainly by the social movement in the political background, including international politics three, level of domestic political and social movement leaders on the political opportunity; organization mainly by the nature of social movement itself, and the social sports development mode and spatial decision, which consists of the intrinsic link between social movement organizations, determines the efficiency of social movement; strategy of social movement and co-ordination planning mainly includes the construction of the concept, the three aspects of social movement target and social movement mode, social movement progress smoothly and success. At the same time The theory of social movement, the three elements is a dynamic process, interrelated and indispensable. Favorable political opportunity structure to development of social movement brought a qualitative change, efficient form of organization to promote the accumulation of social movement in the quantitative strategy, continuously according to the actual situation of the social sports development to make adjustments that is not only beneficial to improve the organization operation efficiency make perfect and flexible strategy, but also help to promote the favorable political opportunity structure, or expand the existing political opportunity structure, even for the development of social sports to create new and more favorable political opportunity structure. Analysis shows that the development of the Islamic movement of Turkey has experienced three major political opportunity structure: first political opportunity structure, to promote the Turkey Islamic Party, the National Order Party And the National Salvation Party building, and promote the Gulen movement from the Turkey social talent shows itself the Islamic movement; the second political opportunity structure of the formation and expansion of Islamic parties to help Turkey welfare party become a mass party, and make the development to take shape the Gulen movement third times; the development of political opportunity structure, the Islamist justice and development party to become Turkey is a separate cabinet of the ruling party, and the influence of the Gulen movement has continued to expand. In this process, form of social movement organizations of political parties in Turkey Islamic movement and social Islamic movement built with distinctive features. Among them, the Turkey Party of the Islamic movement in the welfare of the party's leadership, set up in-depth longitudinal hierarchical organization, Turkey society the Islamic movement in the organization and the Gulen movement led by Glenn, built the lateral extension of parallel organization form. At the same time, the development of Turkey party Islamic movement and social Islamic movement as well as their strategies in the strategy differences between them determine the relation between the relatively independent and mutual competition. Finally, based on the "7 - 15 attempted coup" as an example, analyzes the Turkey political party between the Islamic movement and social movement and Islamic alliance the competition between political parties in Turkey. Islamic movement due to the political opportunity structure in organization form, operation efficiency and strategy flexibility and other aspects of dominance, eventually dominated the Islamic movement of Turkey. In short, the Islamic movement of Turkey has formed its own characteristics in the development of Turkey's unique political environment, and the development process not only affects the Islamic movement of Turkey Turkey's political development, but also affect the Islamic movement of Turkey itself. "7 - 15 attempted coup" The conflict is not only a process of the development of the Islamic movement in Turkey, but also a result of the development of Turkey's Islamic movement. The far-reaching impact of the result on Turkey's domestic politics and diplomacy will be reflected gradually in the future political development of Turkey.

【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D737.4

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