论21世纪政治秩序下反恐战争的特殊性

发布时间：2018-07-17 05:51

【摘要】：本文首先通过比较王公制政治秩序、王制政治秩序、领土型政治秩序和民族国家政治秩序下的恐怖组织:王公制国家和狂热的宗教雇佣兵共存;王制国家和海盗共同步入殖民的黄金时代;领土制国家同国际无政府主义者斗争;民族国家试图镇压民族解放运动。通过研究每个不同的政治秩序与其恐怖组织的特征,我们发现不同的政治秩序有不同的时代特征。这些特征也反映到了这个时代的恐怖主义身上。也就是说,恐怖主义是不同政治秩序下的产物,不同时代的恐怖主义也反映了这个时代政治秩序的特征。本文接着讨论从21世纪初期开始,随着经济和政治秩序的改变,21世纪的恐怖主义和反恐战争也具备了 21世纪政治秩序的特点。独立的企业制度为社会经济创造了原动力,外包型经济模式渗透到了全球化生产的每个环节;全球经济原来了 "信息化"和"高科技"的浪潮。相应地,21世纪的恐怖主义也顺应了 21世纪的政治秩序,借助大规模杀伤武器的市场化和信息网络的全球化发展为"虚拟国家",它们更具有威胁性和杀伤性。本文以基地组织为例,之前在公制政治秩序、王制政治秩序、领土型政治秩序和民族国家型政治秩序下,土匪、强盗、封建或宗教之间的冲突,通常都称为"斗争",而不说"战争"。然而21世纪政治秩序下,基地组织等恐怖主义以"虚拟国家"的规模和形式,向西方主要国家开战。另外,21世纪政治秩序的恐怖组织通常会向地区组织外包。恐怖主义会通过外包的形式让当地组织为他们提供服务、基础设施和规划设计,执行复杂性和专业性很高的融资活动、策划安排、武器训练。另外,从2001年开始恐怖组织活动的致死率明显上升,同时倾向于同时发起多个暴力袭击。和民族国家的恐怖组织主要是针对国家领导阶层不一样,21世纪的恐怖组织希望制造大规模的民众死伤和经济损失来吸引社会的关注。这样的袭击能引起国际媒体的关注,更好地达到基地组织全球化目标。在融资方面,21世纪的恐怖主义和这个政治秩序一样,也是国际化的,网络化的,权利分散的,同样依赖与外包和全球经济。恐怖组织不再仅仅是国际的代理机构而成为一些国家的同盟。之前恐怖主义一直受到国家的资助和支持,现在恐怖主义则依赖国际恐怖主义网供求网络来满足自己的需求。相对应地,反恐战争相较与传统的战争也发生了巨大的变革。平民不受攻击的原则消失。之前的传统战争中,战斗员通常要求佩戴从远处能够辨认的明显标志,有指挥官的指挥。战斗员和平民之间有明确的区分。在领土制国家的战争中,平民伤亡基本上是可以忽略的。然而在21世纪,恐怖组织希望制造大规模的民众死伤和经济损失来吸引社会的关注。这样的袭击能引起国际媒体的关注,更好地达到基地组织全球化目标。因此,21世纪平民的死亡不再是"附带伤害",而成为恐怖组织袭击的主要目标,战场也转移到繁华的市中心。另外,反恐战争胜利的定义也有所改变。本文以伊拉克战争为例,分析伊拉克战争的初战告捷,却尴尬收场。究其原因,主要是因为联军没有意识到21世纪战争和传统的战争是不一样的,也就没有根据这些特殊性调整战争策略以及法律秩序。例如,伊拉克的战争特点是以威慑为主,而不是通过保护平民来赢得犹豫不决的的人心,维护战后社会秩序,导致了反恐战争的失败。本文最后也借助伊拉克战争的例子说明,为了可以更有效地打击21世纪的恐怖组织,反恐国家应该根据自身和恐怖主义的特征做出反恐战略调整。首先要以保护平民为首要任务,维护战后社会稳定重建经济。这个任务的转变也就要求调整军队的结构,装备以及训练的内容。同时民间机构,比如NGOs,边界医生、红十字会等的合作。另外,还需要先发制人地预防恐怖活动的实施,利用经济和贸易的禁止或限制贸易、检查制度、设建禁飞区,以及其他非战争手段,通过这些不涉及暴力的手段有效预防恐怖活动。最后,将21世纪恐怖组织的活动和反恐活动看成是"战争"的话,需要"刑事/国际法"手段和"军事"手段双管齐下,才能更高效地打击21世纪下的恐怖组织。
[Abstract]:This article first compares the political order of the public system, the political order of the king system, the territorial political order and the terrorist organization under the national political order: the coexistence of the king public state and the fanatical religious mercenaries; the king system and the pirates enter into the golden age of colonization; the territorial state and the international anarchist; the national state. Trying to suppress the national liberation movement. By studying the characteristics of every different political order and its terrorist organization, we find that different political orders have different characteristics of the times. These characteristics also reflect the terrorism of this age. That is to say, terrorism is the product of different political order, the horror of different times. It also reflects the characteristics of the political order in this era. From the beginning of the twenty-first Century, with the change of the economic and political order, the terrorism and the war against terrorism in twenty-first Century also have the characteristics of the political order of the twenty-first Century. The independent enterprise system created the motive force for the society and the economy, and the mode of the outsourcing economy permeated. Every link of globalized production; the global economy has turned into a wave of "information" and "high-tech". Accordingly, terrorism in the twenty-first Century also conforms to the political order of the twenty-first Century, with the help of the marketization of weapons of mass destruction and the globalization of information networks as "fictitious countries", which are more threatening and lethal. As an example, the conflict between the public political order, the political order of the king system, the territorial political order and the national and national political order, the bandits, the robbers, the feudalism or the religion, is usually called the "struggle", but not the "war". However, in the twenty-first Century political rank, the Al Qaeda and other terrorism were the size and shape of the "virtual country". In addition, terrorist organizations in the twenty-first Century political order are usually outsourced to regional organizations. Terrorism will be outsourced to local organizations to provide services, infrastructure and planning, implementation of complex and professional financial activities, planning arrangements, and weapon training. In addition, from 2001. The death rate of the terrorist organization began to rise significantly, and it tended to launch multiple violent attacks at the same time. The terrorist organizations in the national state were mainly different from the national leadership, and the terrorist organizations in twenty-first Century wanted to attract social attention by making massive mass casualties and economic losses. Such attacks could cause international concern. Media concerns better achieve the global goal of Al Qaida. In financing, terrorism in the twenty-first Century, like this political order, is international, networked, and decentralized, and also dependent on outsourcing and the global economy. Terrorist organizations are no longer a mere agency of the country and become allies of some countries. Terrorism has been supported and supported by the state, and terrorism is now dependent on the supply and demand network of the international network of terrorism to meet its needs. There is a clear distinction between the distance and the commanding officer. There is a clear distinction between the fighters and the civilians. In the war in the territorial state, civilian casualties are basically negligible. In twenty-first Century, the terrorist organization hoped to create mass casualties and economic losses to attract social attention. Such a attack could be cited. With the attention of the international media, the global goal of Al Qaida is better. Therefore, the death of civilians in twenty-first Century is no longer a "collateral damage", and it has become the main target of terrorist attacks, and the battlefield is also transferred to the busy city center. In addition, the definition of victory in the war against terrorism has changed. This article takes the Iraq war as an example to analyze Iraq The first battle of the war ended in an awkward position. The main reason was that the coalition did not realize that the war of the twenty-first Century and the traditional war were different, and that the war strategy and the legal order were not adjusted according to these particularity. For example, the characteristics of the war in Iraq were dominated by deterrence rather than by the protection of civilians. In the end, the country should make the strategic adjustment of counter-terrorism according to the characteristics of its own and terrorism. First of all, we should take the protection of civilians as the primary task. The transformation of the post war social stability and reconstruction of the economy requires the restructuring of the army's structure, equipment and training, as well as the cooperation of civil institutions such as the NGOs, the border doctors and the Red Cross. In addition, it is necessary to prevent the implementation of terrorist activities and use economic and trade prohibitions or restrictions on trade. In the end, the activities and anti terrorist activities of the terrorist organization in twenty-first Century are regarded as "war", and the "criminal / international law" and "Military" means will be needed to combat the terror of twenty-first Century more efficiently. Organization.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D815.5

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