我国农村社区居家养老服务发展问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-25 15:37

【摘要】：随着国家长达30多年的计划生育政策的谢幕和我国人口老龄化的持续加快,社会中的养老问题便成为人们心目中最关心的话题,尤其是农村的养老问题显得尤为突出。农村养老保障体系尚不健全,社会化的保险还处在起步阶段尚不被大多数老人认可,社会救助力度不足,养老资金迟迟落实不到位,农村的老人对年老以后的养老产生了深深的疑虑。随着农村失独、空巢老人的逐渐增多由此引发的一系列社会问题也越来越引起人们的重视。农村的独生子女一方面既要面临着赡养的经济压力,另一方面自己年老以后的养老问题存在担心与忧虑。如何在不给子女增添负担的情况下,安享自己的晚年,实现“老有所乐、老有所养、老有所学”的理想生活,成为摆在农村居家老人面前的一个难题。农村的经济基础比较薄弱,仅仅依靠机构养老和家庭养老远远满足不了我国当前的养老市场需求,在养老服务的道路上,通过不断的实践与摸索,不离家、成本低、人情味足的农村社区居家养老被大多数农村老人所青睐。需求层次理论认为农村的老人不仅仅要满足其生理和安全需求,更要满足其归属与爱、尊重和自我实现的需求。社区照顾理论认为在社区内可以为老人提供物质和精神需要。社会支持理论认为农村的老人与自己熟悉的人交往可以获得他人的情感支持。福利多元理论认为社会福利应该由政府、家庭、社区、公共部门、盈利组织以及非盈利组织来承担。我国养老体系不完善的前提下,农村社区居家养老在实践中也同样面临着一系列困境,通过不断借鉴各地的先进居家养老服务经验,提出了一系列改善农村社区居家养老的建议,希望构建一个能够满足农村居家老人多样化需求的“依托社区、政府引导、社会参与、市场支持”社区居家老人的照顾模式。通过整合社会各方面的资源,既可以使农村社区内的资源得到充分的利用,实现资源的优化配置,又可以利用资源来解决老人面临的各种问题,给我国面临的农村养老困境寻找出路。目前,我国农村社区居家养老存在的问题主要有资金筹集渠道单一,财力状况紧张,养老从业人员的专业化水平低,志愿者服务得不到充分利用,居家养老供给主体单一,提供的服务水平低,需求得不到满足,居家养老法律体系不完备等问题。针对这些问题,农村社区居家养老要拓宽养老服务资金来源渠道,构建多元化的供给主体,提升服务队伍的文化素质和专业化水平,社区居家养老服务内容和方式多元化,建立完善的社区居家养老立法体系,将政府、社区、市场和社会团体等多种社会主体引入其中,共同为农村社区居家养老服务,致力于老年人的晚年生活保障。呼吁社会各界更加关注、关心老年人的晚年生活,为构建一个和谐稳定的老年社会而努力。
[Abstract]:With the ending of the country's family planning policy for more than 30 years and the continuous acceleration of the aging of the population in our country, the pension problem in the society has become the most concerned topic in people's minds, especially in the rural areas. The rural old-age security system is not yet sound, the socialized insurance is still in its infancy, it is not recognized by the majority of the elderly, the social assistance is insufficient, and the old-age funds are not implemented in place. The old people in the countryside have deep misgivings about their old age. With the loss of independence in rural areas, a series of social problems caused by the increasing number of empty nesters have attracted more and more attention. On the one hand, only children in rural areas are faced with the economic pressure of support, on the other hand, they are worried and worried about their old age. How to enjoy their old age without increasing the burden of their children and realize the ideal life of "having joy, security and learning" has become a difficult problem in front of the old people living in rural areas. Rural economic base is relatively weak, relying solely on institutional and family pension can not meet the current needs of the pension market in China, in the way of pension services, through continuous practice and exploration, do not leave home, low cost, The humane rural community home endowment is favored by the majority of the rural elderly. The theory of hierarchy of needs holds that the elderly in rural areas should not only meet their physiological and security needs, but also meet their needs of belonging and love, respect and self-realization. Community care theory believes that the community can provide material and spiritual needs for the elderly. The social support theory holds that the old people in rural areas can get emotional support from others when they interact with the people they are familiar with. The multiple welfare theory holds that social welfare should be undertaken by the government, the family, the community, the public sector, the profit organization and the non-profit organization. Under the premise of imperfect pension system in our country, the rural community family pension also faces a series of difficulties in practice. This paper puts forward a series of suggestions to improve the old-age support in rural communities, hoping to construct a care mode of "relying on community, government guidance, social participation and market support" which can meet the diverse needs of the elderly in rural communities. By integrating the resources of all aspects of society, we can not only make full use of the resources in rural communities, realize the optimal allocation of resources, but also use resources to solve the problems faced by the elderly. To find a way out for the rural pension dilemma that our country faces. At present, the main problems existing in the rural communities of our country are the single channel of raising funds, the tight financial condition, the low level of specialization of the old-age workers, the lack of full utilization of the volunteer service, and the single main body of the supply of the aged at home. The service level is low, the demand is not satisfied, and the legal system for the aged at home is not complete. In view of these problems, the rural community at home should broaden the funding sources of pension services, construct a diversified supply body, improve the cultural quality and professional level of the service team, and diversify the contents and ways of the community home pension service. The establishment of a sound community home pension legislation system, the government, community, market and social organizations and other social subjects into which, together for the rural community home pension services, committed to the old age life security. It calls on all walks of life to pay more attention to and care for the old people's life and to build a harmonious and stable old society.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D669.6

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