倒逼、变革与失控：清末立宪中的政治整合研究
发布时间：2018-12-11 22:46
【摘要】：清末立宪改革可以视为国家不断进行政治整合的过程,其最主要的整合对象为立宪派、官僚集团和革命党人。对官僚集团的整合是巩固优化自身,对立宪派的整合是扩大盟友,对革命党人的整合是减少敌人。政治整合分为四个逻辑层面:政治过程整合、机构整合、制度整合、共同体整合。这是本文的分析框架。政治过程的整合主要指国家回应各方政治力量的诉求,在互动过程中形成政治共识,并将这些共识以法律、诏令等形式确定下来。改革中清廷主要进行了三次重大的政治过程整合:1905年宣布出洋考察而后又决定仿行宪政;1908年宣布预备立宪并公布立宪日程;1910年决定缩短预备立宪的期限。过程整合在第二次开始出现分歧,后逐步扩大,最终政治共识破裂。机构整合即是官僚系统改革,清王朝主要进行官制改革。官制改革分中央与地方两方面,内容包括机构设置,职能划分,职位设计,人事安排,央地关系。由于中央政府贫弱已久,官僚系统虽有革新,但难有实质突破。随着机构整合的深入,部族政权的特性成为重大障碍。机构整合打破满汉均衡,引发政治分裂。制度整合,分中下层整合与顶层整合,这也是政治制度转型的过程。中下层主要实行基层自治和设省咨议局。由于民众力量的匮乏和官僚集团的自利,中下层制度整合并没有带来新的合法性,没能遏制汹涌的政治运动。在革命爆发后,清廷加速了顶层整合,实行政体转型。开放党禁实行政党政治,颁布十九信条实行立宪政体,但都难以挽回革命党和立宪派。这两大力量合流,另起炉灶,南北对峙,制度整合失败。共同体整合是建设新型的民族关系,维护民族与国家的统一,转向现代民族国家。在民族整合方面,尝试平除满汉畛域,建立平等、共融的民族关系。在退位之际平抚汉族革命,安慰满蒙势力,尽力达成政治和解,维护和平统一。南北对峙后,双方发生对共和国法统的争夺。在面临南北战争之际,清廷没有作鱼死网破之争而是顺势而退,实现和平转变,促成了民初的宪政格局,维护了国家的统一。
[Abstract]:The constitutional reform in the late Qing Dynasty can be regarded as the process of the political integration of the country, whose main objects of integration are the constitutionalists, the bureaucrats and the revolutionaries. The integration of bureaucrats is to consolidate and optimize itself, to the constitutionalism to expand allies, and to the revolutionaries to reduce enemies. Political integration is divided into four logical levels: political process integration, institutional integration and community integration. This is the analysis framework of this paper. The integration of the political process means that the state responds to the demands of the political forces of all parties, forms a political consensus in the process of interaction, and determines these consensus in the form of law, imperial edict and so on. During the reform, the Qing government mainly carried out three major political process integration: in 1905, the Qing government announced its inspection abroad and then decided to carry out the constitutionalism; in 1908, it announced the preparation of the constitution and published the constitutional agenda; in 1910, it decided to shorten the time limit for the preparation of the constitution. The process of integration began to diverge for the second time, then gradually expanded, and finally, the political consensus broke down. Organizational integration is the reform of bureaucratic system, the Qing Dynasty mainly carried out the reform of official system. The reform of official system is divided into two aspects: central and local, including organization setup, function division, position design, personnel arrangement, relationship between central and local authorities. Because the central government has been weak for a long time, the bureaucracy has been innovating, but it is difficult to make a real breakthrough. With the deepening of institutional integration, the identity of tribal regimes has become a major obstacle. Institutional integration broke the balance between Han and Manchu, causing political division. System integration, divided into middle and lower level integration and top integration, this is also the process of political system transformation. The middle and lower levels mainly implement basic-level autonomy and the establishment of provincial council. Due to the lack of popular power and the self-interest of bureaucrats, the integration of the middle and lower levels did not bring new legitimacy and failed to contain the turbulent political movement. After the revolution broke out, the Qing government accelerated the top-level integration and implemented the regime transformation. Open party ban party politics, promulgate 19 creeds practice constitutional system, but all cannot redeem revolutionary party and constitutionalism. These two forces converge, rekindle, north-south confrontation, system conformity failure. Community integration is the construction of a new type of ethnic relations, the maintenance of national and state unity, and the transition to a modern nation-state. In the aspect of ethnic integration, the author tries to establish an equal and inclusive ethnic relationship between Manchu and Han. In abdication of Han Chinese revolution, comfort Manchu forces, try to reach political reconciliation, maintain peaceful reunification. After the North-South confrontation, the two sides fought for the Republic's legal unification. In the face of the Civil War, the Qing court did not make a struggle between the dead and the dead, but backed away from the current situation, realized the peaceful transformation, contributed to the constitutional structure of the early Republic of China, and safeguarded the unity of the country.
【学位授予单位】：华侨大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D691
[Abstract]:The constitutional reform in the late Qing Dynasty can be regarded as the process of the political integration of the country, whose main objects of integration are the constitutionalists, the bureaucrats and the revolutionaries. The integration of bureaucrats is to consolidate and optimize itself, to the constitutionalism to expand allies, and to the revolutionaries to reduce enemies. Political integration is divided into four logical levels: political process integration, institutional integration and community integration. This is the analysis framework of this paper. The integration of the political process means that the state responds to the demands of the political forces of all parties, forms a political consensus in the process of interaction, and determines these consensus in the form of law, imperial edict and so on. During the reform, the Qing government mainly carried out three major political process integration: in 1905, the Qing government announced its inspection abroad and then decided to carry out the constitutionalism; in 1908, it announced the preparation of the constitution and published the constitutional agenda; in 1910, it decided to shorten the time limit for the preparation of the constitution. The process of integration began to diverge for the second time, then gradually expanded, and finally, the political consensus broke down. Organizational integration is the reform of bureaucratic system, the Qing Dynasty mainly carried out the reform of official system. The reform of official system is divided into two aspects: central and local, including organization setup, function division, position design, personnel arrangement, relationship between central and local authorities. Because the central government has been weak for a long time, the bureaucracy has been innovating, but it is difficult to make a real breakthrough. With the deepening of institutional integration, the identity of tribal regimes has become a major obstacle. Institutional integration broke the balance between Han and Manchu, causing political division. System integration, divided into middle and lower level integration and top integration, this is also the process of political system transformation. The middle and lower levels mainly implement basic-level autonomy and the establishment of provincial council. Due to the lack of popular power and the self-interest of bureaucrats, the integration of the middle and lower levels did not bring new legitimacy and failed to contain the turbulent political movement. After the revolution broke out, the Qing government accelerated the top-level integration and implemented the regime transformation. Open party ban party politics, promulgate 19 creeds practice constitutional system, but all cannot redeem revolutionary party and constitutionalism. These two forces converge, rekindle, north-south confrontation, system conformity failure. Community integration is the construction of a new type of ethnic relations, the maintenance of national and state unity, and the transition to a modern nation-state. In the aspect of ethnic integration, the author tries to establish an equal and inclusive ethnic relationship between Manchu and Han. In abdication of Han Chinese revolution, comfort Manchu forces, try to reach political reconciliation, maintain peaceful reunification. After the North-South confrontation, the two sides fought for the Republic's legal unification. In the face of the Civil War, the Qing court did not make a struggle between the dead and the dead, but backed away from the current situation, realized the peaceful transformation, contributed to the constitutional structure of the early Republic of China, and safeguarded the unity of the country.
【学位授予单位】：华侨大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D691
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