加拿大西北沿岸印第安人图腾柱文化象征意义阐释

发布时间：2018-05-21 00:00

本文选题：加拿大 + 西北沿岸印第安人　；参考：《中央民族大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 图腾柱是西北沿岸印第安人文化最突出、最引人注目的浓缩象征，也是加拿大宝贵的历史文化遗产。在现代社会，图腾柱仍然是西北沿岸印第安人丰富视觉文化最突出的表现形式之一。图腾柱不仅是印第安人的文化认同符号，也是其他加拿大人的骄傲。在这里，印第安人与白人、传统与现代、遗产的保护与开发、文化与经济，紧密联系在一起，密不可分，形成一道靓丽的风景线。一方面，由于众所周知的原因，包括西北沿岸印第安人图腾柱在内的世界民族文化研究一直是中国民族学的薄弱环节，研究西北沿岸印第安人图腾柱，对于拓宽中国民族学研究领域，填补中国民族学在世界民族文化研究方面的某些空白，具有重要的学术价值。另一方面，印第安人图腾柱在旅游中广泛利用，已成为当地旅游象征标志物，这一成功处理民族文化遗产保护与旅游开发关系的典型个案，对于中国当前矛盾重重困惑不断的民族文化遗产保护和旅游发展具有多种参考价值和现实意义。本文所使用的材料主要源自中国国家图书馆、美国和加拿大的大学在线图书馆和博物馆。以往中国学者对西北沿岸印第安人的图腾柱关注不多，但在国外，图腾柱研究却是炙手可热，研究成果可谓汗牛充栋。他们的研究大体可分为图腾柱专题研究和与图腾柱相关的西北沿岸印第安人文化研究，是民族学、人类学、博物馆学、艺术学、历史学、旅游学等多学科综合、交叉的特别地带。由于西方人独特的学术研究传统，他们或是重点关注西北沿岸印第安人传统社会中的图腾柱，或是视图腾柱为西北沿岸印第安人文化系统中的一个构成元素，并没有将图腾柱本身作为一个完整独立的文化体系加以综合考察。借用西方学者的丰富资料，运用文化人类学的理论与方法，将图腾柱文化作为一个独立完整的文化体系而展开历时性与共时性的综合研究，是本研究的突破口。象征人类学认为，所谓文化，就是人类创造的、作为意义系统的表达、显示、交流和传承的象征符号系统，是符号载体(能指)、符号规则(编码或符码)和符号意义(所指)的统一。图腾柱文化是一种典型的象征文化，在图腾柱象征符号系统中，作为表层结构的符号载体，是图腾柱文化中可感知、可观察的感性外观形态和载体，既包括具有实用功能作为物质器物的图腾柱，也包括围绕图腾柱而产生的各种行为如图腾柱的雕刻竖立、烧毁、买卖、偷盗、观看、修复和保护等，还包括图腾柱上专司信息传递的各种非语词的图像，如人形纹、动物纹、超自然神灵纹、物质实体纹等各种形象。透过图腾柱文化中的表层符号，破译控制上述载体要素的组合规则，解读阐释图腾柱文化中不可感触、却可以通过表层的图腾柱载体要素和深层的文化规则来传递或显示的意义系统，从而把握图腾柱文化的内涵。在图腾柱文化象征符号系统中，作为深层结构的文化规则是图腾柱文化的核心。18世纪下半叶，白人抵达西北沿岸地区之后，图腾柱文化的深层文化规则经历了巨大变化，，导致图腾柱文化的主体更加多样化，有更多呈竞争关系的不同利益主体通过对图腾柱文化载体和文化规则的能动运用，参与图腾柱文化意义的解构与再构。总体而论，西北沿岸印第安人图腾柱文化呈现出鲜明的独特性、流动性和丰富多样性的特色。本文表达了一个东方人对图腾柱文化的解读。全文分为绪论、正文和结语三个部分。绪论主要介绍选题背景、文献综述和资料的搜集整理。正文分为五章。第一章——西北沿岸印第安人的图腾柱文化。主要从西北沿岸印第安人文化生态大视野的角度，对西北沿岸印第安人的图腾柱文化做基本介绍。第二章——失落的象征。图腾柱负载着西北沿岸印第安人深厚的传统文化，今天步入现代社会的西北沿岸印第安人已失去了传统文化的生存语境，图腾柱成为一种传统失落的象征。本章由特权地位的象征和神灵的象征两节组成，集中说明阐释图腾柱在西北沿岸传统社会中的文化内涵或意义。第三章——厄运的象征。18世纪下半叶，随着欧洲殖民主义不断向外扩张，与欧洲白人的相遇改变了西北沿岸印第安人的命运，其社会文化遭遇毁灭性的打击，图腾柱成为印第安人厄运的象征。本章从西北沿岸印第安人传统文化的衰败过程和殖民主义战利品的象征二个层面，阐释说明欧加白人殖民主义者对西北沿岸印第安人传统文化全方位的摧残破坏过程与掠夺所导致图腾柱生成的新意义。第四章和第五章——复活的象征。20世纪以后，随着民族国家的日渐成长，加拿大在构建统一民族文化的漫长旅程中，逐渐认识到图腾柱的重要性，拉开了将图腾柱再构为加拿大民族国家文化认同符号的序幕。与此同时，随着土著民族主义运动的兴起，印第安人不断发起捍卫文化传统和讨回本属自己权利的运动。到20世纪70年代，加拿大联邦政府终于放弃同化政策，实施多元文化主义，印第安人文化发展揭开新篇章，现代旅游艺术成为传承图腾柱遗产的重要载体，图腾柱焕发出旺盛生命力，成为印第安人文化复活的象征。结语总结了图腾柱遗产保护模式，提出了作者对于图腾柱遗产保护与旅游开发相关问题的思考。
[Abstract]:The totem column is the most prominent culture of the Indians in the northwest coast, the most noticeable symbol of concentration, and the precious historical and cultural heritage of Canada. In modern society, totem column is still one of the most prominent manifestations of the rich visual culture of the Indians on the northwest coast. Totem columns are not only the cultural identity symbols of the Indians, but also the others. The pride of Canadians. Here, Indian and white, traditional and modern, heritage conservation and development, culture and economy are closely linked and closely linked, forming a beautiful scenery line. On the one hand, the world national cultural research, including the Indian totem poles of the northwest coast, has always been in the middle of the world. In the weak link of national ethnology, the study of the Indian totem poles of the northwest coast is of great academic value for widening the field of Chinese Ethnology and filling some gaps in the study of national culture in the world. On the other hand, the Indian totem pole is widely used in tourism and has become a symbol of the local tourism. As a typical case of the relationship between the protection of national cultural heritage and tourism development, it has a variety of reference and practical significance for the current contradictions and perplexities in the protection of national cultural heritage and the development of tourism.
The materials used in this paper are mainly from the National Library of China, the online libraries and museums in the United States and Canada. In the past, Chinese scholars have not paid much attention to the totem poles of the Indians on the northwest coast, but in foreign countries, the research of totem columns is hot and the research results can be known as totem. Their research can be divided into totem. The special study of the northwestern coast, which is related to the totem pole, is an integrated and intersecting area of ethnology, anthropology, Museology, art, history, tourism and other interdisciplinary areas. Because of the unique tradition of academic research in the west, they are focusing on totem in the traditional Indian society of the Northwest coast. The column, or the view tengzhu, is a constituent element in the Indian cultural system along the northwest coast. It does not take the totem column itself as a complete and independent cultural system, and uses the rich materials of western scholars to use the theories and methods of cultural anthropology to take totem column culture as an independent and complete cultural body. A comprehensive study of diachronic and synchronic features is a breakthrough in this study.
Symbolic anthropology believes that the so-called culture is the symbolic system of expression, display, communication and inheritance of the meaning system, the symbol carrier (energy), the symbol rule (code or code) and the symbolic meaning (referred to). Totem column text is a typical symbolic culture, in the totem column symbolic system, as a symbol system. The symbol carrier for the surface structure is a perceptible, observable, perceptible appearance and carrier in the totem culture, including a totem pole with practical functions as material objects, as well as the engraving, burning, buying and selling, stealing, watching, repairing and protecting the totem columns surrounding the totem columns. A variety of nonverbal images, such as human pattern, animal pattern, supernatural deity pattern, material physical pattern, etc., which are transmitted by special information on the column, such as the surface symbols in the totem column culture, are used to decipher the combination rules that control the above carrier elements and interpret the culture in the Totem column culture, but can pass through the surface totem column elements. In the symbol system of totem column culture, the cultural rules of the totem column culture are the core of the totem column culture in the second half of the.18 century, and the deep cultural rules of the totem column culture have gone through the deep cultural rules of the totem column culture. As a result of the great change, the subject of totem column culture is more diverse, and more competitive stakeholders are involved in the deconstruction and restructure of the cultural significance of totem columns through the active application of the totem column culture carrier and cultural rules. In general, the Indian totem culture in the northwest coast shows distinct uniqueness and mobility. And the characteristics of richness and diversity. This article presents an oriental interpretation of totem pole culture.
The full text is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.
The introduction mainly introduces the background, literature review and data collection and collation of the topic. The text is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter, the totem column culture of the Indians on the northwest coast, mainly introduces the totem column culture of the Indians on the northwest coast from the perspective of the Indian culture and ecology in the northwest coast.
The second chapter is the symbol of the loss. The totem column is loaded with the deep traditional culture of the Indians in the northwest coast. Today, the Indian people who entered the northwest coast of the modern society have lost the living context of the traditional culture. The totem pole has become a symbol of the traditional loss. This chapter is composed of the symbol of privileged status and the symbol of the gods. Ming explains the cultural connotation or significance of totem poles in the traditional society along the northwest coast.
The third chapter, the symbol of bad luck, in the second half of the.18 century, with the continuous expansion of European colonialism, the encounter with the white Europeans changed the fate of the Indians in the northwest coast, its social culture was devastated and the totem pole became the symbol of the Indian bad luck. This chapter decayed from the traditional Indian culture of the northwest coast. The two aspects of the symbolism of Cheng and colonialism, explain the new significance of the process of destruction and destruction of the traditional culture of the European and Canadian white colonists on the traditional culture of the Indians in the northwest coast and the formation of the totem poles.
The fourth chapter and the fifth chapter - the symbol of the resurrection in the.20 century, with the growing growth of the nation and state, Canada gradually realized the importance of the totem pole in the long journey of building a unified national culture, and opened the totem pole as the prelude to the cultural identity symbol of the Canadian national state. At the same time, with the indigenous peoples In the 1970s, the federal government of Canada finally gave up the policy of assimilation, carried out multiculturalism, and opened a new chapter in the development of the Indian culture. Modern tourism art became an important carrier of the heritage of the totem pole. It has become a symbol of the revival of Indian culture.
The conclusion summarizes the protection mode of totem pole heritage, and puts forward the author's Thoughts on the protection of totem pole heritage and tourism development.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D771.1

【引证文献】