美国的慈善基金会与美国政治

发布时间：2018-07-09 23:27

本文选题：美国 + 慈善基金会　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2003年博士论文

【摘要】： 美国不仅是一个民族的大“熔炉”，同时它还是一个政治与文化多元化的国家。在美国的政治生活中除政府、政党、国会等凸显因素外，还有利益集团、大众传媒、宗教社团、思想库、慈善基金会等多种因素。其中慈善基金会作为一种独特的社会中介力量，在美国及世界其他地方捐资支持了大量的项目，为社会的进步，尤其是文化与科技的发展做出了贡献，对美国的内政与外交产生了深刻影响，是一个非常值得研究的课题。本文以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导，对以卡内基、洛克菲勒和福特等基金会为代表的美国慈善基金会与美国政治的关系加以真实、客观地分析，从而理清慈善基金会在美国政治与社会生活中的地位、与其他政治行为体的关系、及其所体现的思想与所代表的利益。本论文共分七个部分，具体内容和主要观点如下：第一章绪论，回顾与分析国内外与本专题有关的研究情况及本专题研究的意义、本文拟采取的研究方法及结构。第二章美国的现代慈善基金会，分析本论文研究对象的性质、范围、特点、宗旨及类别。指出慈善基金会以传播文化、增进知识为己任，具有相对的独立性、稳定性、中介性和国际性。依据不同的标准可以将基金会分为不同的类别。第三章慈善基金会的缘起与发展，分析慈善基金会20世纪初在美国兴起的各种原因。19世纪末美国经济的快速增长造就了一批百万富翁，他们有了创办慈善基金会的财力，美国文化与宗教中鼓励捐赠、谴责贪婪的传统成为这些百万富翁创办慈善基金会的内驱力，当时的政治形势，尤其是“进步主义”和“黑幕揭发”运动以及国际工人运动的高涨，是促使富翁们创办慈善基金会的外驱力，这多种因素的结合催生了美国的现代慈善基金会。慈善基金会不断发展壮大，成为美国社会和政治中一个重要的行为体。第四章慈善基金会与美国内政，分析基金会在国内资助的大量文化、教育、卫生和科研项目，指出基金会的捐赠弥补了政府在这些方面的投资不足，为美国文化与科技的进步做出了贡献。基金会还资助种族问题研究与民权运动，促使政府在这些问题上有所作为，缓解了国内的阶级与民族矛盾。基金会所资助的社会科学研究的成果为政府制定政策提供了理论参考与指导。第五章慈善基金会与美国外交，分析慈善基金会的海外行为与美国外交政策的关系。基金会积极促进美国文化在全球的传播，利用文化交流与资助发展中国家高等教育等方式来培养亲美人士，为巩固美国的霸权地位服务，成为美国外交政策的“沉默的伙伴”。第六章慈善基金会与美国政府，研究基金会与政府的关系。尽管基金会是非政府、非赢利、独立运作的民间机构，但在实际的运作中却与政府有着千丝万缕的联系。慈善基金会与美国政府既有互动合作、又有矛盾冲突。基金会及其所资助的一些思想库还起到了为政府储备和提供人才的作用。基金会在总体上服务于美国的大政方针，但它们在国内所得到的并不是一片赞美之声，左倾民粹主义者和右倾保守主义者都对它们的行为与目的提出质疑并由此引发了国会对基金会的调查，这些调查促成了美国的税法改革，也规范了基金会的行为。第七章结语，总结全文，指出现代慈善基金会是美国所特有的一种社会中介组织、发挥着剩余财富再分配的作用，并得出这样的结论：即从根本上看，，基金会所代表和维护的是美国社会中少数精英的利益，这些社会精英是美国现行制度的既得利益者，因而基金会也就成为了美国现行资本主义制度的支柱之一。
[Abstract]:The United States is not only a big "melting pot" of a nation, but also a country of political and cultural diversity. In the political life of the United States, in addition to the prominent factors such as government, political parties, and Congress, there are many factors such as interest groups, mass media, religious communities, thought banks, charitable foundations, among which charitable foundations are a unique kind. The social intermediation force, in the United States and other parts of the world, has supported a large number of projects, contributing to the progress of the society, especially the development of culture and science and technology. It has a profound impact on the internal affairs and diplomacy of the United States. It is a very worthwhile topic to be studied.
Guided by dialectical materialism and historical materialism, this paper makes a real and objective analysis of the relationship between American charitable foundations and American politics, represented by the foundations of Carnegie, Rockefeller and Ford, so as to clarify the status of the charitable foundation in the political and social life of the United States and the relationship with other political actors. And the thoughts and interests they represent.
This thesis is divided into seven parts. The specific contents and main points are as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction. It reviews and analyzes the research situation and the significance of this topic at home and abroad, and the research methods and structure that this article intends to take.
The second chapter of the modern philanthropic foundation of the United States, analyzes the nature, scope, characteristics, tenet and category of this research object. It points out that the charity foundation is independent, stable, mediating and international. The foundation can be divided into different categories according to different standards.
The third chapter, the origin and development of charitable foundations, analyses the reasons for the rise of charitable foundations in the early twentieth Century in the United States. The rapid growth of the American economy at the end of the.19 century created a group of millionaires. They had the financial resources to set up charitable foundations, encouraged gifts in American culture and religion, and condemned greed tradition as these millionaires. The internal driving force of the charity foundation, the political situation at that time, especially the "progressives" and "the whistle blows" movement, and the rising of the International Workers' movement were the driving forces of the millionaires to establish a charity foundation. The combination of these factors gave birth to the modern kindness foundation of the United States. It is an important actor in American society and politics.
The fourth chapter of the philanthropic foundation, with the internal affairs of the United States, analyzes a large number of cultural, educational, health and scientific research projects funded by the foundation, pointing out that the foundation's contributions make up for the government's lack of investment in these areas and contribute to the progress of American culture and technology. The foundation also grants racial research and civil rights movement to promote the government. The achievements of the social science research funded by the foundation provided the theoretical reference and guidance for the government to formulate policies.
The fifth chapter, the charitable foundation and the United States diplomacy, analyzes the relationship between the overseas behavior of the charitable foundation and the foreign policy of the United States. The foundation actively promotes the spread of American culture in the world, uses cultural exchanges and subsidized developing countries' higher education to cultivate pro american people, to consolidate American hegemonic status and to become American diplomacy. The "silent partner" of the policy.
The sixth chapter, the charitable foundation and the US government, studies the relationship between the foundation and the government. Although the foundation is a non-governmental, non profit, independent and functioning civil institution, there are countless ties with the government in the actual operation. The philanthropic foundation and the United States government have both interaction and conflict. The foundation and its financial support Some thought libraries have also played a role in providing government reserves and providing talent. The foundation serves the general policy of the United States on the whole, but they are not a compliment at home. Both leftist and rightist conservatives question their behavior and eyes and have triggered a fund in Congress. The survey, which led to the reform of tax law in the United States, also regulated the behavior of foundations.
The seventh chapter concludes the full text, pointing out that the modern charity foundation is a special kind of social intermediary organization in the United States, which plays the role of redistribution of surplus wealth, and draws the conclusion that, fundamentally, the foundation represents and maintains the interests of a few fine Britain in American society. These social elites are the current system of the United States. Therefore, the foundation has become one of the pillars of the current capitalist system in the United States.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D771.2

【引证文献】