俄罗斯（苏联）对车臣民族政策的历史演变研究

发布时间：2019-03-26 20:17

【摘要】： 车臣问题是冷战后始终困扰俄罗斯当局的一个重大民族问题，它不仅对国家的稳定和发展造成严重危害，迟滞了俄罗斯重新崛起的步伐，而且直接影响着俄罗斯的国际声誉、国际地位和国际关系。车臣危机由来已久、原因众多，然而，俄罗斯(苏联)在不同历史时期所实行的民族政策以及在处理民族问题和民族矛盾过程中所犯的错误是其中不可否认的重要因素。因此，系统回顾不同历史阶段俄罗斯(苏联)对车臣的民族政策，认真总结其成败得失和经验教训，不仅具有重要的学术价值，更具有重大的现实意义。本文由五个部分组成。第一章总体上回顾了车臣问题的历史由来和现实发展，为展开全文作了铺垫。第二章到第四章是文章的主体，系统地阐述和分析了沙皇俄国、苏联和俄罗斯联邦三个时期对车臣民族政策的历史演变过程。文章认为，沙皇俄国推行大俄罗斯沙文主义殖民政策，，对车臣人民长期实施残酷镇压和统治，在被征服为“臣民”的车臣人的心理上埋下了“民族仇恨”的种子。十月革命的胜利为解决包括车臣在内的复杂的民族问题提供了契机。以列宁为代表的苏俄领导人运用马克思主义民族理论指导民族工作和解决民族问题，制定和执行了一系列针对本国民族关系实际情况的民族政策，收到了良好的效果。然而从斯大林执政后期直至勃列日涅夫时期，尽管苏联在民族问题的处理上依然有一定成绩，但由于对社会主义发展进程以及对民族问题存在一些错误认识，加上大俄罗斯民族主义传统的消极影响，苏联的民族政策出现重大失误。而车臣人无辜遭受的三次大规模迫害更是极大地伤害了车臣人的感情，为后来车臣问题的爆发埋下了祸根。戈尔巴乔夫时期推行的“公开化”、“民主化”实际上为早已对俄罗斯怀有强烈不满的车臣分离势力提供了机会。苏联解体过程中和之后，车臣问题日益成为俄罗斯当局面临的急迫问题。在叶利钦和普京两个阶段，俄罗斯政府对车臣民族问题的政策存在重大差异。叶利钦政府先是对车臣分离势力妥协退让，直到车臣分离势力坐大并直接威胁到俄罗斯国家统一时才不得不发动第一次车臣战争。普京上台后汲取了以往的教训，采取强有力手段对车臣极端分离主义势力予以遏制和打击，取得了明显成效。但是，由于众多因素的制约，彻底解决车臣问题尚需时日。第五章从五个方面总结了车臣民族问题的历史启示：必须对民族问题的长期性、复杂性、国际性、敏感性和重要性特征保持清醒的认识；必须十分重视少数民族地区的经济社会发展，不断提高民族地区的人民生活水平和自我发展能力：必须高度重视培养使用民族干部，做到既坚持高标准严要求，又关心爱护并放手使用相结合；必须正确处理中央集权与民族地区分权、国家统一与民族自治的关系，明确中央政府与民族自治地方之间的权利和义务关系；必须对危害国家主权、破坏领土完整的极端民族分离主义势力予以坚决遏制和打击。
[Abstract]:The problem of Chechnya is a major national problem that has always plagued the Russian authorities after the cold war, which not only caused serious harm to the stability and development of the country, but also delayed the pace of the re-emergence of Russia, and directly affected the international reputation, international status and international relations of Russia. The crisis of the Republic of Chechnya has a long history and many reasons. However, the national policies adopted by the Russian (Soviet Union) in different historical periods and the mistakes made in the process of the process of ethnic and national conflicts are the undeniable important factors. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to review the national policy of the Russian (Soviet Union) in the different historical stages, and to sum up the successes and losses and the lessons of it, not only has the important academic value but also has great practical significance. This article is composed of five The first chapter, in general, reviews the history of the problem of Chechnya and the development of the reality, in order to carry out the full text. The second chapter and the fourth chapter are the main body of the article, and the history of the policy of the Chechen nation in the three periods of the tsar Russia, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation are systematically expounded and analyzed. The article is of the view that the czar russia is carrying out the policy of the great russian chauvinism, and for the long-term brutal suppression and rule of the Chechen people, and buried in the psychological of the Chechen people who have been conquered as the "Chen Min". > The seeds of the October Revolution. The victory of the October Revolution was to resolve the complex national problems, including Chechnya. The Russian leader, who is a representative of Lenin, used the Marxist national theory to guide the national work and solve the national problems, and formulated and implemented a series of national policies aimed at the actual situation of the national relations. However, in the late period of Stalin's ruling until the period of Brezhnev, despite the fact that the Soviet Union still has some achievements in the process of the national problem, due to the wrong understanding of the process of the socialist development and the problems of the nationality, and the traditional Chinese nationalism, The Negative Influence of the Soviet Union's National Policy A major mistake. The three-scale persecution of the innocent of the Chechen people has greatly hurt the feelings of the Chechen people and buried the Chechen problem later. The "public" in the period of Gorbachev's national hatred "," in fact, is the breakaway force of the Chechen separatist forces that have been strongly dissatisfied with Russia. " in that course of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the problem of Chechnya is increasingly face by the Russian authorities An urgent issue. In the two phases of Yeltsin and Putin, the Russian government has a policy of the problem of the Chechen nation. in a major difference, Yeltsin's government was first to compromise that separatist forces of the republic of Chechnya, until the separation of the republic of Chechnya and the direct threat to the unity of the Russian state would have to be waged for the first time The war in Chechnya. After Mr. Putin came to power, he learned the lessons of the past and adopted a powerful means to contain and strike the separatist forces in Chechnya. However, as a result of the constraints of many factors, the problem of the Chechen problem is thoroughly solved The fifth chapter summarizes the historical enlightenment of the problem of the Chechen nation from five aspects: the long-term, the complexity, the international, the sensitivity and the importance of the national problem must be kept awake; it is necessary to attach great importance to the economy of the minority areas The development of the society and the continuous improvement of the people's living standard and the self-development ability in the minority areas: it is necessary to attach great importance to the cultivation of the use of the national cadres, to adhere to the strict requirements of high standards, to care for the care and to let go of the use of the people, and to correctly handle the centralism and the nation The relationship between the decentralization of the region, the unification of the state and the national autonomous areas, the clear determination of the relationship between the rights and obligations between the central government and the national autonomous areas, and the determination of the extremist ethnic separatist forces that endanger the sovereignty of the State and undermine the territorial integrity must be determined resolutely.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D751.2

【参考文献】