陕西出土亚浸水漆器的材质、工艺及修复保护研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 08:16

本文选题：漆器 + 制作工艺　；参考：《西北大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：漆器是我国古代科技史上一项伟大的创造,是中华民族优秀文化遗产的一个重要组成部分。根据保存状态,把考古出上的漆木器分为两种类型,一种是北方干燥地区出上的缺饱和水状态漆木器,也叫亚浸水漆木器,另一种是南方潮湿地区出土的饱水漆木器。一般来说,南方地区出上的饱水漆木器出上时较为完整,因此相关针对性的保护研究开展很多,保护方法也较为成熟；而北方出土的亚浸水漆器一般残损严重,缺乏全面系统的研究和有效的保护手段。本文以陕西部分地区出上的漆器为研究对象,主要内容包括三部分：第一部分：漆器样品成分分析及制作工艺研究。选用树脂包埋法,利用体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对漆器样品的剖面进行观察分析;采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)等方法对漆膜、漆灰层、颜料、纤维等进行分析。结果表明,漆器基本是按照木胎—纤维—灰层—漆膜—颜料这样的工序来制作的,其中主要的制作材料是麻、粘土类物质、生漆以及朱砂颜料。第二部分：漆膜强度表征及测量仪器改装研究。本文首次提出并研制出适用于表征脆弱、不规则漆膜强度的夹具,结合万能材料试验机可对直径小至2mm的漆膜材料进行耐破脆性测量,建立了对漆膜强度的表征方法,实现了漆膜强度的定量测定。第三部分：漆膜最佳回软条件研究。实验选用聚乙二醇200(PEG200)作为回软剂,设计了四种不同的回软方案。采用分光光度仪、万能材料试验机结合耐破脆性夹具对漆膜进行测试,对比回软前后颜色外观及强度的变化,从而确定最佳回软方案；对比回软前后漆膜的红外光谱图,分析漆膜内部结构变化。实验结果表明,所有经过回软的漆膜外观无明显变化,但经过40%-60%-80%-100%PEG200依次浸泡的漆膜,其强度值最高,为最佳回软方案。对比回软前后漆膜的红外光谱图,发现回软后羟基吸收峰变低,亚甲基和醚键的吸收峰变高。推测漆膜回软处理后强度增大的原因有两点,一是PEG200分子中的羟基与残留漆酚上的羟基脱水聚合,形成大分子网状结构,漆膜的塑性提高：二是PEG200分子进入漆膜孔洞当中取代了原来水分子占据的空间,起到了支撑的作用,从而提高了漆膜的强度。本文根据漆膜的几个主要红外光谱特征峰及其归属对其真伪进行了初步的判断,为红外光谱法鉴定漆膜奠定了基础；首次设计并研制出用于脆弱、不规则漆膜强度测定的夹具,建立了漆膜强度的表征方法,实现了漆膜强度的定量测定,为漆器的回软修复提供了科学依据。
[Abstract]:Lacquer ware is a great creation in the history of Chinese ancient science and technology and an important part of the excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. According to the preservation state, the lacquer wood from the archaeology can be divided into two types: one is the lacquer wood in the dry area of the north, also called sub-soaking lacquer wood, and the other is the water-saturated lacquer wood unearthed in the humid area of the south. Generally speaking, the water-saturated lacquer wood out of the southern region is relatively complete when it comes out, so many relevant protection studies have been carried out, and the protection methods are more mature. However, the subsoaking lacquer ware unearthed in the north is generally badly damaged. Lack of comprehensive and systematic research and effective means of protection. This paper takes lacquer ware from some parts of Shaanxi as the research object, the main content includes three parts: The first part: the composition analysis of lacquer ware and the research of making process. Resin embedding method, stereoscopic microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to observe and analyze the sections of lacquer samples. The paint film, paint ash layer and pigment were studied by means of infrared spectrum FT-IRN X ray diffraction (XRDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -SEM-EDS, etc. Analysis of fibers, etc. The results show that the lacquer ware is basically made according to the process of wood tire, fiber, gray layer, paint film and pigment, among which the main materials are hemp, clay, raw paint and cinnabar pigment. The second part: study on the characterization of film strength and modification of measuring instruments. In this paper, a fixture which can be used to characterize the strength of fragile and irregular film is proposed and developed for the first time. Combined with the universal material testing machine, the breaking brittleness of the film with a diameter as small as 2mm can be measured, and the characterization method of the strength of the film is established. The quantitative measurement of paint film strength has been realized. The third part: study on the best soft condition of paint film. Polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) was selected as the softener in the experiment, and four different schemes were designed. The paint film was tested by spectrophotometer and universal material testing machine combined with brittle clamp to compare the changes of color appearance and strength before and after softening, so as to determine the best softening scheme, and to compare the infrared spectrum of the film before and after softening. The internal structure change of paint film is analyzed. The experimental results show that the appearance of all the films after softening has no obvious change, but after the 40%-60%-80%-100%PEG200 soaking in turn, the strength of the film is the highest, which is the best soft recovery scheme. Compared with the infrared spectra of the film before and after softening, it was found that the absorption peak of hydroxyl group decreased and the absorption peak of methylene and ether bond became higher after softening. It is inferred that the strength of paint film increases after soft treatment. One is the dehydration polymerization of hydroxyl in PEG200 molecule and hydroxyl group on residual urushiol to form a large molecular network structure. The plasticity of the film is improved: second, the PEG200 molecule enters the hole of the film instead of the space occupied by the original water molecule, and plays a supporting role, thus improving the strength of the film. In this paper, according to the main infrared spectrum characteristic peaks of the paint film and its attribution, the authenticity of the film is preliminarily judged, which lays a foundation for the identification of the paint film by the infrared spectrum method, and designs and develops a fixture for the determination of the strength of the fragile and irregular paint film for the first time. The method of characterizing the strength of the lacquer film is established, and the quantitative measurement of the strength of the lacquer film is realized, which provides a scientific basis for the restoration of the lacquer ware.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K876.7

【参考文献】