自然文化遗产的政府规制与特许经营合同研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 20:36

本文选题：自然文化遗产 + 国家公园　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：过去的30多年，随着改革开放的步伐，以自然文化遗产为依托的保护地资源（如风景名胜区）迎来了巨大变化。人们因生活水平提高带来的旅游需求以及以此更多、更快地拉动地方经济的引资驱动，将自然文化遗产管理与经营问题推至现实层面，直至引起广泛的舆论之争。政府特许经营模式，本是经国外一些国家的实践证明，在资源保护目标下，可以较好地体现资源管理与旅游服务经营分离，为游客提供质优价廉的服务。然而，从这一模式引进我国之初，就没有人想继续遵循这样的原则，而注入了中国意味。在操作层面，我国的遗产地特许经营仍存在诸多问题。特许经营合同体现了政府通过合同管制自然文化遗产或保护地等特殊公共资源的规制行为。本研究以特许经营合同为切入点，借鉴国外相关遗产资源经营管理经验，全面探究特许经营模式的起源、理论基础、实践方法等，这对总结现阶段我国自然文化遗产特许经营经验，以及思考下一步管理层面的改进具有现实意义。本文采取理论与实证相结合的方法，，梳理分析我国遗产地特许经营的发展历程、现状及问题；分析美国国家公园服务项目特许经营概念、模式及特征；在分别选取两国典型的自然文化遗产地（其中中国4处，美国1处）特许经营合同的基础上进行对比研究，试图回答以下三个问题： 1、为什么要在遗产地实施政府规制下的特许经营？ 2、在遗产地或保护地怎样进行特许经营？ 3、遗产地特许经营合同应包括哪些内容？遗产地经营问题的国内已有研究表明，对于目前的管理体制是否有利于遗产资源的整体保护尚存争议。回顾我国自然文化遗产特许经营的实践历程，政府管理的缺位与错位并存在一定程度上导致了当前特许经营模式的不规范现象，其中以特许经营合同问题尤为显著。根据规制经济理论，本研究总结归纳自然文化遗产资源政府社会性规制的内容分为遗产地进入规制、资源保护规制和经营活动规制三个方面。其中，特许经营作为经营活动规制的手段之一，其规制程度应该是逐渐加强的。国家公园是美国自然文化遗产的代表，世界上第一个国家公园于1872年诞生于美国，之后，在国家公园的管理过程中，不断面临着旅游服务需求与遗产资源保护管理相冲突的问题，特许经营正是在如此环境下产生的。对美国国家公园服务项目特许经营的案例分析，有助于探究特许经营这一模式的典型微观特征。在案例分析过程中，本研究对中美两国的特许经营合同进行了详细的对比和分析，分别从合同的制定原则、合同应包含的必要内容（主体、责任、权利、义务等）、及其他附加条款予以系统阐释，并根据比较研究的结果给出了若干项具有现实操作价值的启示性讨论。
[Abstract]:Over the past 30 years, with the pace of reform and opening up, great changes have been made in the conservation of natural and cultural heritage (such as scenic spots). People have been driven by the demand for the improvement of the living standards, as well as more, more quickly pulling the capital of the local economy, and pushing the management and management of natural and cultural heritage to the present. The government franchise model, which has been proved by the practice of some foreign countries, can better reflect the separation of resource management and tourism service and provide a good quality and cheap service for tourists. However, no one wants to continue from the beginning of this model in China. Following this principle, it injects the meaning of China. At the operational level, there are still a lot of problems in the franchise operation of our country. The franchise contract embodies the regulation of the government through the regulation of the special public resources such as the natural cultural heritage or the protected land through the contract. This study takes the franchise contract as the breakthrough point and draws on the related remains of foreign countries. It is of practical significance to sum up the origin, the theoretical basis and the practice method of the franchise model, and to summarize the experience of the franchise management of the natural cultural heritage of our country at the present stage and to think about the improvement of the next management level.
This paper combines theory and empirical method to analyze the development process, current situation and problems of Chinese heritage franchising, analyze the concept, pattern and characteristics of American National Park Service franchise, and select the basis of the typical natural cultural heritage sites of the two countries (4 of China and 1 in the United States). A comparative study was conducted to try to answer the following three questions:
1, why do we need to implement franchising under the government regulation in heritage sites?
2, how do franchises operate in heritage sites or protected areas?
3, what should be included in the franchise contract?
The domestic research on the management of heritage sites has shown that there is a dispute over whether the current management system is conducive to the overall protection of the heritage resources. In accordance with the theory of regulated economy, the content of the social regulation of the government of natural cultural heritage resources is divided into three aspects: the regulation of heritage entry, the regulation of resources protection and the regulation of management activities. Among them, the regulation degree of the franchise is one of the means of regulation of the management activities. It should be gradually strengthened. The National Park is the representative of the American natural cultural heritage. The first National Park in the world was born in the United States in 1872. In the course of the management of the National Park, it is constantly confronted with the question of the conflict between the demand for tourism service and the management of the heritage resource protection. The case analysis of the United States National Park Service franchise is helpful to explore the typical micro characteristics of the franchise model. In the process of case analysis, this study makes a detailed comparison and analysis of the franchise contracts between China and the United States, from the principles of the contract formulation, the necessary contents of the contract (subject, responsibility,) Rights, obligations, etc.) and other additional clauses are systematically explained. Based on the results of comparative studies, some enlightening discussions with practical operational value are given.

【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K87;F597.12

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