二里头早期国家兴衰的聚落考古学研究

发布时间：2018-06-09 03:19

本文选题：二里头遗址 + 酋邦　；参考：《河北师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：二里头遗址是我国中原地区迄今为止发现的最早的具有都邑性质的聚落遗址,在社会形态方面属于早期国家。从聚落演变来看,二里头遗址经历了一般聚落—中心聚落—都邑聚落—一般聚落的发展历程。通过采用聚落考古的方法,分别从宏观、微观角度对各时期的考古学信息进行提取、梳理、分析,探索二里头早期国家的起源、形成、发展和衰落过程,并结合自然环境和社会环境对其兴衰过程进行分析,将有利于中国早期国家兴衰与人地关系、人际关系相关研究的细化和深入。在我国,早期国家是残留有一些酋邦特征的特殊社会形态。其在邦群竞争中孕育,脱胎于酋邦。如何用聚落考古的方法判断复杂社会的性质是酋邦还是早期国家的依据如下:个体聚落等级和层级;同一区域中聚落之间的关系;最高统治者的号召力;劳力投入的规模;公共建筑物的特殊功能;生产专业化、分配集中化和经济区域化;人口集中化。判断的核心都是遗址内各遗迹、遗物的社会功能和所属。从仰韶文化时期至二里岗文化时期,二里头遗址的聚落等级发展历程为:一般聚落—中心聚落—都邑聚落—一般聚落,在二里头文化时期经历了中心聚落—都邑聚落的演变。用聚落考古的方法结合酋邦和早期国家理论分析二里头文化各时期社会形态的演变可知,二里头遗址在二里头文化时期表现出了早期国家的起源、形成、发展、衰亡迹象,二里头遗址一至四期的遗址内各个微观因素演变印证了整个过程。一个社会的运行依靠的是一个系统化的操作,细则是一些微观因素在共同起作用。每一个不同的考古文化,在不同的发展阶段,起导向作用的因素也各不相同。环境的好坏影响着人们生产和生活,与聚落的规模、层次、等级息息相关。从自然环境和社会环境的角度,关于聚落演变与环境变迁关系的研究将有利于二里头早期国家形成、发展的动力、途径和崩溃原因的探讨。在二里头早期国家形成的途径中,自然资源是人口增加和流动的诱因,影响着其他动力因素的运行,此期自然因素发挥着主要作用。统治阶级的需求支配着生产和分配,决定着整个社会的发展方向,促进了早期国家的发展。究其根源,贵族需求这一社会因素才是二里头早期国家发展的主要动力。二里头早期国家的衰落与崩溃与不同人群的需求和满足的差异、人口的压力、资源的浪费和稀缺、宗教约束力的变化、外来势力的压力等因素都有着紧密的联系。从系统论的角度来说,统治阶级的个人取向和集体取向的轻重比例是早期国家和酋邦的分水岭,且早期国家在宗教信仰制约的范围内允许统治阶级个人取向的发展和强化。等膨胀到一定的极限,贵族需求过分触及民众生存需求的底线时,民众对国家的信心缺失。在生存压力下,宗教系统也无法再维持对民众的精神制约,权力对民众失去约束,政治系统日愈脆弱,自然无法应对外来力量的攻击,因此导致崩溃。资源导致的社会冲突是二里头早期国家崩溃的主要原因。更进一步来说,个人取向意识的强化是一切崩溃因素的根源,二里头早期国家的衰落是因统治阶级个人取向意识的强化造成的报酬递减导致的系统崩溃。
[Abstract]:The site of the site of the second site is the earliest settlement site in the Central Plains of China, which is the earliest settlement site with the nature of a city. It is an early state in the social form. From the evolution of the settlement, the site of the site has experienced the development process of the general settlement center settlement - the settlement of the capital settlement. From the macroscopic and microcosmic angles, the archaeological information of each period is extracted, combed and analyzed. The process of the origin, formation, development and decline of the early years of the country is explored, and the process of its prosperity and decline is analyzed in combination with the natural environment and social environment, which will be beneficial to the development and decline of China's early countries and the relationship of human and land, and the refinement of relationships related to human relations. And deep.
In our country, the early state was a special social form with the characteristics of some Emirates. It was conceived in the competition of the state group and was born out of the Emirates. How to judge the nature of the complex society by the method of settlement archaeology is the basis of the Emirates or the early states: the individual settlement grade and level; the relationship between the settlements in the same region; the supreme ruler. The appeal; the scale of the labor input; the special functions of the public buildings; the specialization of the production, the centralization of the distribution and the regionalization of the economy; the centralization of the population. The core of the judgment is all the relics within the site, the social function and the belongings of the remains.
From the period of Yangshao culture to the period of two li gang culture, the development process of the settlement grade of the site is: the general settlement - the central settlement - the settlement of the capital - the general settlement, the evolution of the central settlement - the settlement of the capital in the period of the culture of the two Liru culture. The evolution of the social form in each period shows that the site of the ER Li Tai site shows the origin, formation, development and decline of the early state in the period of the culture of the early period of the two Li Li culture. The evolution of the microcosmic factors in the site of the site of the one to four phases of the site of the two Li Li site confirms the whole process.
The operation of a society depends on a systematic operation, and the detailed rules are a number of microcosmic factors working together. Each different archaeological culture, at different stages of development, has different factors that play a guiding role. The environment affects people's production and life, and is closely related to the scale, level and grade of the settlement. In the context of the environment and the social environment, the study of the relationship between the evolution of settlement and the change of the environment will be beneficial to the formation of the country in the early years, the motive force, the way and the cause of the collapse.
In the early stage of the formation of the country, natural resources were the inducement of the increase and flow of the population, affecting the operation of other dynamic factors. The natural factors played a major role in this period. The demand of the ruling class dominated production and distribution, determined the development of the whole society and promoted the development of the early state. The demand for this social factor is the main motive force for the early development of the country. The decline and collapse of the early countries are closely related to the differences between the needs and satisfaction of different groups of people, the pressure of the population, the waste and scarcity of resources, the change of religious binding force, the pressure of foreign forces and so on. The proportion of the individual orientation and collective orientation of the ruling class is the watershed between the early state and the Emirates, and the early state allows the development and strengthening of the individual orientation of the ruling class within the limits of religious belief. Lack of confidence. Under the pressure of survival, the religious system can not maintain the spiritual constraints of the people, the power is lost to the people, the more fragile the political system is, the natural can not deal with the attack of foreign forces, which leads to the collapse. The social conflict caused by the resources is the main reason for the collapse of the early two Li. The intensification of consciousness of orientation is the root of all factors of collapse, and the decline of the early country is the system collapse caused by the decrease of remuneration resulting from the strengthening of the sense of personal orientation of the ruling class.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K878

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