长宁遗址古代黄牛分子考古学研究
发布时间：2018-07-15 09:22
【摘要】：长宁遗址是青海省东部湟水流域一处重要的齐家文化居住址。齐家文化的年代约距今4,200-3,800年左右，正处于新石器时代向青铜时代的过渡阶段，，也是文化面貌、社会形态及生业模式发生变化的关键时期。从地理位置来看，该遗址处于北方农牧交错带及河西走廊沿线，中西文化交流频繁，是西方驯化动物传入中原的重要途径。研究这个地区古代黄牛的遗传结构，对于我们认识中国黄牛的起源与传播路线以及当时人类的文化交流情况具有重要的意义。本文使用分子生物学方法，对长宁遗址出土的21个古代黄牛样本进行了mtDNA研究，通过与其他古代和现代黄牛数据的比较分析，结合考古学文化，对中国黄牛的起源和迁徙情况进行了探讨。概括起来主要有以下内容： 第一，对长宁21个古代黄牛的mtDNA实验成功得到了17个序列。根据变异位点，这17个序列可以分为三个单倍型。通过黄牛世系分型位点可以确定，长宁古代黄牛均属于近东起源的T3世系。共享单倍型搜索、系统发育分析和群体遗传距离计算的结果显示，长宁古代黄牛可能与欧洲、近东、东北亚地区的现代黄牛具有共同的母系祖先，并对中国现代黄牛基因库的形成具有重要贡献。 第二，将长宁与中国北方青铜时代其他考古遗址出土的古代黄牛数据进行比较，并结合世界古代、现代黄牛数据进行分析，发现长宁古代黄牛与西部早期驯化黄牛的基因型已有显著差别，而与中原地区古代黄牛的遗传结构相近。在长宁古代黄牛中占主导的H5单倍型很可能是在亚洲形成、发展并进一步传播到东部地区，因此甘青地区很可能是中国黄牛主要基因型形成并发展的重要地区。 第三，相关考古学研究表明，中西方文化的接触与交流在新石器晚期就可能已经开始，在距今4,000年前，青铜器、驯化动植物等很可能就已经通过人群的迁徙、贸易亦或是文化的交流传播到了中国，并对中国古代文化产生了一定影响。结合DNA数据和考古学文化分析，探讨了中国黄牛起源于近东，并很可能通过新疆—河西走廊—甘青地区—中原地区这个路线自西向东传播的观点。
[Abstract]:Changning site is an important residence of Qijia culture in Huangshui basin of eastern Qinghai province. The age of Qijia culture, about 4200-3800 years ago, is in the transitional stage from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. It is also a key period for the changes of cultural outlook, social formation and biological model. From the geographical point of view, the site is located in the northern agricultural and pastoral ecotone and along the Hexi Corridor, and the cultural exchanges between China and the West are frequent, which is an important way for western domesticated animals to spread into the Central Plains. The study of the genetic structure of ancient yellow cattle in this area is of great significance for us to understand the origin and transmission route of Chinese cattle and the cultural exchange of human beings at that time. In this paper, 21 samples of ancient yellow cattle unearthed from Changning site were studied by molecular biology method. The mtDNA was compared with other ancient and modern yellow cattle data and combined with archaeological culture. The origin and migration of Chinese yellow cattle were discussed. The main contents are summarized as follows: first, 17 sequences of mtDNA were successfully obtained from 21 ancient cattle in Changning. According to the mutation sites, the 17 sequences can be divided into three haplotypes. According to the genotyping loci of yellow cattle, Changning ancient yellow cattle belong to the T 3 lineage of near East origin. The results of shared haplotype search, phylogenetic analysis and population genetic distance calculation showed that Changning ancient cattle may share a common maternal ancestor with modern yellow cattle in Europe, near East and Northeast Asia. And it has important contribution to the formation of Chinese modern yellow cattle gene bank. Second, compare the data of ancient yellow cattle unearthed from other archaeological sites of the bronze age in northern China with Changning, and analyze the data of ancient and modern yellow cattle in the world. It was found that the genotype of Changning ancient yellow cattle was significantly different from that of the early domesticated yellow cattle in western China, but the genetic structure of Changning ancient yellow cattle was similar to that of ancient yellow cattle in Central Plains. The H5 haplotype, which dominates the ancient cattle in Changning, is probably formed in Asia, developed and spread to the eastern part of China. Therefore, Ganqing area is likely to be an important region for the formation and development of the main genotypes of Chinese cattle. Third, relevant archaeological studies have shown that cultural contacts and exchanges between China and the West may have begun in the late Neolithic period, and that bronze objects, domestication of animals and plants, etc., probably passed through the migration of people 4,000 years ago. Trade or cultural exchanges spread to China and had an impact on ancient Chinese culture. Based on DNA data and archaeological cultural analysis, this paper discusses the view that Chinese yellow cattle originated in the near East and spread from west to east through Xinjiang, Hexi Corridor, Ganqing and Central Plains.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K878
本文编号：2123586
[Abstract]:Changning site is an important residence of Qijia culture in Huangshui basin of eastern Qinghai province. The age of Qijia culture, about 4200-3800 years ago, is in the transitional stage from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. It is also a key period for the changes of cultural outlook, social formation and biological model. From the geographical point of view, the site is located in the northern agricultural and pastoral ecotone and along the Hexi Corridor, and the cultural exchanges between China and the West are frequent, which is an important way for western domesticated animals to spread into the Central Plains. The study of the genetic structure of ancient yellow cattle in this area is of great significance for us to understand the origin and transmission route of Chinese cattle and the cultural exchange of human beings at that time. In this paper, 21 samples of ancient yellow cattle unearthed from Changning site were studied by molecular biology method. The mtDNA was compared with other ancient and modern yellow cattle data and combined with archaeological culture. The origin and migration of Chinese yellow cattle were discussed. The main contents are summarized as follows: first, 17 sequences of mtDNA were successfully obtained from 21 ancient cattle in Changning. According to the mutation sites, the 17 sequences can be divided into three haplotypes. According to the genotyping loci of yellow cattle, Changning ancient yellow cattle belong to the T 3 lineage of near East origin. The results of shared haplotype search, phylogenetic analysis and population genetic distance calculation showed that Changning ancient cattle may share a common maternal ancestor with modern yellow cattle in Europe, near East and Northeast Asia. And it has important contribution to the formation of Chinese modern yellow cattle gene bank. Second, compare the data of ancient yellow cattle unearthed from other archaeological sites of the bronze age in northern China with Changning, and analyze the data of ancient and modern yellow cattle in the world. It was found that the genotype of Changning ancient yellow cattle was significantly different from that of the early domesticated yellow cattle in western China, but the genetic structure of Changning ancient yellow cattle was similar to that of ancient yellow cattle in Central Plains. The H5 haplotype, which dominates the ancient cattle in Changning, is probably formed in Asia, developed and spread to the eastern part of China. Therefore, Ganqing area is likely to be an important region for the formation and development of the main genotypes of Chinese cattle. Third, relevant archaeological studies have shown that cultural contacts and exchanges between China and the West may have begun in the late Neolithic period, and that bronze objects, domestication of animals and plants, etc., probably passed through the migration of people 4,000 years ago. Trade or cultural exchanges spread to China and had an impact on ancient Chinese culture. Based on DNA data and archaeological cultural analysis, this paper discusses the view that Chinese yellow cattle originated in the near East and spread from west to east through Xinjiang, Hexi Corridor, Ganqing and Central Plains.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K878
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