凌家滩玉器的考古学研究

发布时间：2018-07-20 09:28

【摘要】：位于长江下游地区的凌家滩遗址是近年考古发现、发掘的最为重要的古文化遗址之一,是该区域史前文明的一颗璀璨明珠。该遗址规模庞大、文化遗存丰富,其中墓葬内随葬的大量玉器尤为瞩目,无论是玉器的数量还是玉器的种类,在长江下游地区都属于突破性的发现。这批玉器的地层关系明确、数量大、组合完整、类型丰富,对这批玉器的研究是探讨该文化性质与面貌的有效途径之一。本文主要对凌家滩遗址出土的玉璜、玉钺、玉璧、玉块进行系统的类型学分析,在此基础上探讨这些玉器类型发展演变的规律,并进一步推测其消失或发展的社会因素。从出土玉器与陶器的数量来看,两者之间的比例差额在逐渐缩小,也就是玉器数量在逐渐减少,而陶器数量在不断增加,陶豆、陶壶和陶罐三者的组合是陶器中较为常见的组合类型,而玉器中玉璜和玉管是早期较为常见的类型,但玉管逐渐减少直至消失不见,玉镯、玉块、玉环等器形种类逐渐增多,不再是某种器形占多数,而是出现一种平分秋色的趋势。从凌家滩遗址墓葬分布位置以及各墓葬内出土玉器数量、类型来看,凌家滩墓葬是有一定的计划性和规律性的,墓葬群似可以分为若干个小单元,存在较为明显的墓葬群组关系,应该是一种社会状况的反映。凌家滩遗址出土的玉鹰、玉人、玉龙、玉龟版等一系列特殊造型的玉器,是凌家滩文化遗址区别于其它文化的重要标志之一。本文通过分析这些玉器所蕴含的精神含义,推测凌家滩文化已经具有了最初的原始宗教信仰,但还处于初步阶段,没有像良渚文化的玉琮那样形成重器规模,这可能是凌家滩这个独立的文化遗址的文化特征也可能是以凌家滩为代表的这一时期的文化特征。从出土玉钺、玉璜等来探讨其社会含义,并根据墓葬分布位置以及出土玉器类型和种类将凌家滩遗址墓葬进行社会等级划分。概括说来,凌家滩文化时期手工业进步、生产力发展、出现财富分化、等级制、崇尚宗教信仰和军事活动,且可能与周边其他部落存在联盟关系。除此以外,凌家滩文化的玉器与薛家岗文化、北阴阳营文化、大汶口文化和良渚文化出土玉器之间存在相互影响,对其研究可以从一些方面揭示长江下游地区史前文化之间的相互关系。本文主要对这几种文化的部分同类玉器进行分析,发现它们之间有着千丝万缕的联系,亦即凌家滩文化并不是完全本土文化的发展,它兼收并蓄了很多其他文化,在此基础上形成了自己的文化特色。
[Abstract]:Lingjiatan site located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is one of the most important archaeological sites excavated in recent years and a bright pearl of prehistoric civilization in this region. The site is large in scale and rich in cultural relics, among which a large number of jade objects buried in tombs are particularly remarkable. Both the number of jade objects and the types of jade objects are breakthrough discoveries in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The stratigraphic relationship of these jade articles is clear, the quantity is large, the combination is complete, and the types are rich. The study of this batch of jade articles is one of the effective ways to discuss the cultural nature and appearance of the jade articles. Based on the systematic typological analysis of jade Juan, Yue, jade piece and jade block unearthed from Lingjiatan site, this paper probes into the law of the development and evolution of these jade articles, and further speculates the social factors of their disappearance or development. From the point of view of the number of unearthed jade and pottery, the difference between the two is gradually narrowing, that is, the number of jade articles is gradually decreasing, and the number of pottery is increasing. The combination of pottery pot and pottery pot is a common combination type in pottery, while jade Juan and jade tube in jade ware are the most common types in the early period, but the jade tube gradually decreases until it disappears, and the types of jade bracelet, jade block, jade ring and so on are gradually increasing. It is no longer some sort of organ shape that dominates, but a trend of equalization. According to the location of the tombs in Lingjiatan site and the number and type of jade unearthed in each tomb, the tombs of Lingjiatan are planned and regular, and the tombs can be divided into several small units. The existence of an obvious group relationship between tombs should be a reflection of social conditions. The jade eagle, jade man, jade dragon, jade tortoise plate and so on unearthed from Lingjiatan ruins are one of the important symbols of the difference between Lingjiatan cultural sites and other cultures. By analyzing the spiritual implications of these jade artifacts, this paper speculated that Lingjiatan culture had its original religious belief, but it was still in its initial stage, and it did not form the same scale as the jade cong of Liangzhu culture. This may be the cultural characteristic of Lingjiatan, an independent cultural site, or the cultural feature of this period represented by Lingjiatan. The social meaning of the unearthed jade Yue and jade Juan is discussed, and the social grade of Lingjiatan tomb is divided according to the distribution of the tombs and the types and types of jade artifacts unearthed. To sum up, handicraft industry progress, productivity development, wealth differentiation, hierarchy, religious belief and military activities in Lingjiatan culture period, and there may be alliance with other surrounding tribes. In addition, there is an interaction between jade artifacts unearthed in Lingjiatan culture, Xue Jiagang culture, Beiyin Yangying culture, Dawenkou culture and Liangzhu culture. The study can reveal the relationship between prehistoric culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This paper mainly analyzes some of the same jade artifacts of these cultures and finds that they are inextricably linked, that is, Lingjiatan culture is not the development of completely native culture, it contains a lot of other cultures. On this basis formed their own cultural characteristics.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K876.8

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