秦汉时期的丧葬研究
发布时间：2018-10-16 18:10
【摘要】： 丧葬作为一种文化现象是伴随着人类社会的进步而产生和发展的,它不仅是人们表达哀痛的一种仪式,而且还是反映一定历史时期社会文化生活的一面镜子。首先,丧葬反映了当时社会生产力的发展水平,进而反映了当时的社会制度,具有鲜明的时代性;其次,丧葬的产生与当时人们的生死观念有密切关系,并总是在继承传统生死观念的基础上不断创新和发展的,因此丧葬也具有传承性的特点;最后,由于各地的民风民俗不尽相同,他们处理丧葬的方式和对待丧葬的态度也就不同,因此丧葬也具有明显的地域性。 秦汉时期作为封建社会的初创时期,生产力水平较以前有了很大的提高,有关封建社会的一系列制度也开始创建,丧葬制度也在继承以前制度的基础上有了新发展。在此时期丧葬有了整套适应封建伦理纲常的陵寝制度和丧葬礼仪。通过对秦汉时期丧葬的墓室形制与墓地、随葬品、丧葬礼仪、生死观、盗墓等五个方面的论述和研究,我们发现秦汉时期的丧葬制度是对当时封建社会的生产力水平、等级秩序和思想观念的反映和维护。第一,秦汉时期墓室形制经历了由土坑墓到土洞墓、画像石墓、画像砖墓最后到多室墓的演变轨迹,同时还伴随着石碑、石柱、墓阙和石料建筑的出现,这些都反映了当时生产工具的改进和生产力水平的提高。第二,秦汉时期随葬品的多寡、厚葬的盛行、明器制度的确立以及丧葬礼仪的规定,明显地体现着封建社会的伦理纲常和等级秩序,这对后世的丧葬礼仪也产生了深远的影响。第三,在生死观方面,秦汉时期的人们开始对生产生强烈的渴望。秦时这种对生的渴望只是体现在社会上层,而到了汉代开始世俗化,整个社会都表现出了对生的强烈渴望,从而导致了汉代人们对于长生不老的追求,这也就为汉末道教的产生奠定了浓厚的思想基础和社会氛围。最后,盗墓作为一种伴随丧葬产生的社会现象对当时的丧葬制度也产生了一定的影响,这除了统治者针对盗墓制定的惩罚规定外,更主要体现在反盗墓技术的发展、随葬品模型的替代和薄葬观念的发展等等,这也在一定程度上反映了秦汉时期科学技术的发展和人们生活水平的提高。 总之,秦汉时期的丧葬是对当时经济、政治、文化和生活各方面的一定反映。本研究通过对秦汉时期丧葬制度五方面的拙述,使人们对该时期的丧葬有一个直观、感性的认识,进而能了解秦汉时期的一些社会生活、等级秩序和思想观念等内容,也会对现代的丧葬制度发生思考;同时期待着更多学者和专家关于秦汉时期丧葬研究硕果的问世。
[Abstract]:As a cultural phenomenon, funeral comes into being and develops with the progress of human society. It is not only a ceremony for people to express their grief, but also a mirror reflecting the social and cultural life in a certain historical period. First, the funeral reflects the level of development of the social productive forces at that time, and then reflects the social system at that time, which has a distinct epoch. Secondly, the birth of the funeral is closely related to the concept of life and death of the people at that time. And always inherits the traditional concept of life and death on the basis of continuous innovation and development, so funeral also has the characteristics of inheritance; finally, because the local folk customs are not the same, Their ways of handling funeral and their attitude towards funeral are different, so funeral has obvious regional character. As the beginning of feudal society in Qin and Han dynasties, the level of productivity has been greatly improved, a series of systems about feudal society have also been established, and the funeral system has also developed on the basis of inheriting the former system. In this period, funeral had a whole set of tomb system and funeral etiquette adapted to feudal ethics. Through the discussion and research on the tomb shape and the graveyard, burial objects, funeral etiquette, outlook on life and death and tomb theft in Qin and Han dynasties, we find that the funeral system in Qin and Han dynasties is the productivity level of feudal society at that time. The reflection and maintenance of hierarchical order and ideology. First, during the Qin and Han dynasties, the tomb shape experienced the evolution from the tomb of earth pit to the tomb of earth cave, the tomb of stone and the tomb of portrait brick, and the appearance of stone tablet, pillar, tomb que and stone building, at the same time, it was accompanied by the appearance of stone tablet, pillar, tomb que and stone building. These all reflected the improvement of production tool and productivity level at that time. Second, the number of burial objects in Qin and Han dynasties, the prevalence of heavy burial, the establishment of Ming Dynasty system and the regulations of funeral etiquette obviously reflected the ethical principles and hierarchical order of feudal society, which also had a profound impact on the funeral etiquette of later generations. Third, in the view of life and death, Qin and Han Dynasty people began to have a strong desire for life. This kind of desire for life in Qin Dynasty was only reflected in the upper level of society, but by the beginning of the secularization of the Han Dynasty, the whole society showed a strong desire for life, which led to the pursuit of immortality in the Han Dynasty. This also laid a strong ideological foundation and social atmosphere for the emergence of Taoism in the late Han Dynasty. Finally, tomb theft, as a social phenomenon accompanied by funeral, also had a certain impact on the funeral system at that time, which was mainly reflected in the development of anti-grave-robbing technology besides the punishment regulations formulated by the rulers for tomb theft. The replacement of funerary models and the development of the concept of funerary, to a certain extent, also reflected the development of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards in the Qin and Han dynasties. In a word, the funeral in Qin and Han dynasties was a reflection of economy, politics, culture and life. Through the brief description of the funeral system in the Qin and Han dynasties, this study makes people have an intuitive and perceptual understanding of the funeral in that period, and then can understand the social life, hierarchical order and ideology of the Qin and Han dynasties. At the same time, more scholars and experts are looking forward to the coming out of funeral research in Qin and Han dynasties.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K878.8
本文编号：2275210
[Abstract]:As a cultural phenomenon, funeral comes into being and develops with the progress of human society. It is not only a ceremony for people to express their grief, but also a mirror reflecting the social and cultural life in a certain historical period. First, the funeral reflects the level of development of the social productive forces at that time, and then reflects the social system at that time, which has a distinct epoch. Secondly, the birth of the funeral is closely related to the concept of life and death of the people at that time. And always inherits the traditional concept of life and death on the basis of continuous innovation and development, so funeral also has the characteristics of inheritance; finally, because the local folk customs are not the same, Their ways of handling funeral and their attitude towards funeral are different, so funeral has obvious regional character. As the beginning of feudal society in Qin and Han dynasties, the level of productivity has been greatly improved, a series of systems about feudal society have also been established, and the funeral system has also developed on the basis of inheriting the former system. In this period, funeral had a whole set of tomb system and funeral etiquette adapted to feudal ethics. Through the discussion and research on the tomb shape and the graveyard, burial objects, funeral etiquette, outlook on life and death and tomb theft in Qin and Han dynasties, we find that the funeral system in Qin and Han dynasties is the productivity level of feudal society at that time. The reflection and maintenance of hierarchical order and ideology. First, during the Qin and Han dynasties, the tomb shape experienced the evolution from the tomb of earth pit to the tomb of earth cave, the tomb of stone and the tomb of portrait brick, and the appearance of stone tablet, pillar, tomb que and stone building, at the same time, it was accompanied by the appearance of stone tablet, pillar, tomb que and stone building. These all reflected the improvement of production tool and productivity level at that time. Second, the number of burial objects in Qin and Han dynasties, the prevalence of heavy burial, the establishment of Ming Dynasty system and the regulations of funeral etiquette obviously reflected the ethical principles and hierarchical order of feudal society, which also had a profound impact on the funeral etiquette of later generations. Third, in the view of life and death, Qin and Han Dynasty people began to have a strong desire for life. This kind of desire for life in Qin Dynasty was only reflected in the upper level of society, but by the beginning of the secularization of the Han Dynasty, the whole society showed a strong desire for life, which led to the pursuit of immortality in the Han Dynasty. This also laid a strong ideological foundation and social atmosphere for the emergence of Taoism in the late Han Dynasty. Finally, tomb theft, as a social phenomenon accompanied by funeral, also had a certain impact on the funeral system at that time, which was mainly reflected in the development of anti-grave-robbing technology besides the punishment regulations formulated by the rulers for tomb theft. The replacement of funerary models and the development of the concept of funerary, to a certain extent, also reflected the development of science and technology and the improvement of people's living standards in the Qin and Han dynasties. In a word, the funeral in Qin and Han dynasties was a reflection of economy, politics, culture and life. Through the brief description of the funeral system in the Qin and Han dynasties, this study makes people have an intuitive and perceptual understanding of the funeral in that period, and then can understand the social life, hierarchical order and ideology of the Qin and Han dynasties. At the same time, more scholars and experts are looking forward to the coming out of funeral research in Qin and Han dynasties.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K878.8
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 周津任;西安地区西汉墓随葬品位置摆放研究[D];南京大学;2012年
，本文编号：2275210
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