战国至魏晋简牍书籍形式与文书分类研究
发布时间：2018-11-04 15:34
【摘要】：简牍自出土以来,迎来的研究是多不胜数,有关注简牍形制与内容的研究,也有关注简牍分类的研究。一般来说,简牍可分为书籍与文书两大类。简牍书籍与文书内容又可按研究者的不同角度进行不同的分类。本文对部分出土简牍资料进行了整理。因以完整和较完整的简牍为研究对象,对每批简牍做了以下的工作:一是根据发掘简报找出完整简牍的资料;二是如果发掘报告没注释出土简牍是否完整,会利用图片来确认。本文将在前人的分类研究基础上,把本文分为四个部分,对部分出土的简牍进行分类:第一部分是将简牍按出土地域编排,以时代先后排序分为战国楚、秦、汉和魏晋。这些出土地点的资料是参照有关的发掘报告;第二部分是将简牍分为书籍和文书两大类,依据《汉书·艺文志》的分类将书籍分为六艺、诸子、诗赋、兵书、数术、方技六类。文书是依据李均明先生在《秦汉简牍文书分类辑解》一书中的分类法,将文书分为书檄、律令、簿籍、录课、符券、检il、遣策与告地策七类;第三部分是将简牍分为战国、秦汉、魏晋三个时期,按书籍、文书分类,按外形划分为"简"、"牍"、"方"、"揭"四类,以长宽度为讨论点。其中发现战国秦汉时期"简"类的书籍和文书长短不一,以法律文书为例,秦汉时期的法律文书在一尺一寸至一尺三寸之间,文献记载律令所使用的简牍长度为二尺四寸与三尺两种,有学者推测这个情况可能是因为官方的法律文书是用三尺简抄写,目前发现的秦律可能都是私人抄本,可以不遵守定制。秦汉时期"牍"类的书籍和文书长度大部分都在一尺左右,但是宽度则宽窄不一,窄的只有1.1厘米,宽的可达9厘米,可见宽度是没有明确的规定存在。至于"方"类的汉魏晋时期的文书,长度一致,在一尺至一尺一寸之间,宽度在6.1厘米至7.5厘米之间,看似无明确的规格。汉时期的"il"类,长度不一,在5.7厘米至16.5厘米之间,这是因为"il"有三种不同的外形而产生的;第四部分将综合以上三个部分的分类结果做出一些观察。有10个省份出土了战国秦汉书籍,以湖北省居多。数术类的数量最大的,战国秦汉墓葬均有出土,可以说数术类的书籍对于当时的人们来说是很重要的。有13个省份出土了战国秦汉魏晋文书,文书的七类,湖北省均有出土,有大概一半的文书载体是竹简,另一半则是木牍,整体来看,似乎当时的人并没有偏向于任何一种载体。但是如果跟湖北省出土的简牍书籍比较的话,木牍的比例就高多了,所以可以猜测当时的人在选择书写载体的时候会有所考虑。这个观察是表面的,需要考虑到其它的因素,如当时的自然环境的情况,法律的限制等,再加上所收集的资料有限,所以需要更多完整的资料才能做出深一层的研究。
[Abstract]:Since the bamboo slips were unearthed, there have been numerous studies on the form and content of the bamboo slips, as well as on the classification of the bamboo slips. Generally speaking, bamboo slips can be divided into two categories: books and documents. Bamboo slips and documents can be classified from different angles. In this paper, some unearthed bamboo slips are sorted out. Because of taking the complete and relatively complete bamboo slips as the research object, the following work has been done for each batch of bamboo slips: first, to find out the complete materials of the bamboo slips according to the excavation bulletin; second, if the excavations report does not annotate whether the bamboo slips unearthed are complete or not, they will use pictures to confirm them. On the basis of the previous classification research, this paper is divided into four parts. The first part is to arrange the bamboo slips unearthed according to the region unearthed, and to divide them into the warring States and Chu, Qin, Han and Wei and Jin dynasties in order of the times. The data of these unearthed sites refer to the relevant excavation reports; the second part is to divide the bamboo slips into two categories: books and documents. According to the classification of "Han calligraphy, Art and Literature", the books are divided into six categories: six arts, schools of thought, poetry and Fu, military books, numerals and techniques. According to Li Junming's classification of Qin and Han Dynasty, the paper is divided into seven categories: the writing, the law, the book, the lesson, the token, the il, policy and the land policy. The third part is to divide the bamboo slips into three periods: warring States, Qin and Han dynasties, Wei and Jin dynasties, classified by books and documents, divided into four categories according to appearance: "simple", "du", "Fang", "uncovering", taking long width as the discussion point. It was found that the books and documents of "Jane" in Qin and Han dynasties varied in length. Taking legal documents as an example, the legal documents of Qin and Han dynasties ranged from one foot one inch to one foot three inches. According to the literature, the length of bamboo slips used in the legal orders is two feet, four inches and three feet. Some scholars speculate that this may be because the official legal documents are copied with three feet of simple notes. At present, the laws of the Qin Dynasty may all be private transcripts. Can not comply with customization. In the Qin and Han dynasties, most of the books and documents were about one foot in length, but the width was different. The width was only 1.1 cm and the width was up to 9 cm. As for the "Fang" of the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin dynasties, the length of the same, between one foot to one inch, the width of 6.1 cm to 7.5 cm, seemingly no clear specifications. The "il" class in the Han Dynasty was of varying lengths, ranging from 5.7 cm to 16.5cm, because "il" had three different shapes; the fourth part made some observations by synthesizing the classification results of the above three parts. There are 10 provinces unearthed the warring States Qin and Han books, to Hubei Province. The tombs of Qin and Han dynasties in the warring States period were unearthed, so it can be said that the books of numerology were very important to people at that time. There are 13 provinces unearthed the warring States, Qin, Han, Wei and Jin documents, seven types of documents, Hubei Province has unearthed, about half of the document carrier is bamboo slips, the other half is wood slips, as a whole, it seems that the people at that time did not favor any kind of carrier. But if compared with the bamboo slips unearthed in Hubei Province, the proportion of wooden slips is much higher, so it can be speculated that people at that time would consider the choice of writing carrier. This observation is superficial and needs to take into account other factors, such as the circumstances of the natural environment at the time, the limitations of the law, and the limited amount of data collected, so more complete information is needed to make a deeper study.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K877.5
[Abstract]:Since the bamboo slips were unearthed, there have been numerous studies on the form and content of the bamboo slips, as well as on the classification of the bamboo slips. Generally speaking, bamboo slips can be divided into two categories: books and documents. Bamboo slips and documents can be classified from different angles. In this paper, some unearthed bamboo slips are sorted out. Because of taking the complete and relatively complete bamboo slips as the research object, the following work has been done for each batch of bamboo slips: first, to find out the complete materials of the bamboo slips according to the excavation bulletin; second, if the excavations report does not annotate whether the bamboo slips unearthed are complete or not, they will use pictures to confirm them. On the basis of the previous classification research, this paper is divided into four parts. The first part is to arrange the bamboo slips unearthed according to the region unearthed, and to divide them into the warring States and Chu, Qin, Han and Wei and Jin dynasties in order of the times. The data of these unearthed sites refer to the relevant excavation reports; the second part is to divide the bamboo slips into two categories: books and documents. According to the classification of "Han calligraphy, Art and Literature", the books are divided into six categories: six arts, schools of thought, poetry and Fu, military books, numerals and techniques. According to Li Junming's classification of Qin and Han Dynasty, the paper is divided into seven categories: the writing, the law, the book, the lesson, the token, the il, policy and the land policy. The third part is to divide the bamboo slips into three periods: warring States, Qin and Han dynasties, Wei and Jin dynasties, classified by books and documents, divided into four categories according to appearance: "simple", "du", "Fang", "uncovering", taking long width as the discussion point. It was found that the books and documents of "Jane" in Qin and Han dynasties varied in length. Taking legal documents as an example, the legal documents of Qin and Han dynasties ranged from one foot one inch to one foot three inches. According to the literature, the length of bamboo slips used in the legal orders is two feet, four inches and three feet. Some scholars speculate that this may be because the official legal documents are copied with three feet of simple notes. At present, the laws of the Qin Dynasty may all be private transcripts. Can not comply with customization. In the Qin and Han dynasties, most of the books and documents were about one foot in length, but the width was different. The width was only 1.1 cm and the width was up to 9 cm. As for the "Fang" of the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin dynasties, the length of the same, between one foot to one inch, the width of 6.1 cm to 7.5 cm, seemingly no clear specifications. The "il" class in the Han Dynasty was of varying lengths, ranging from 5.7 cm to 16.5cm, because "il" had three different shapes; the fourth part made some observations by synthesizing the classification results of the above three parts. There are 10 provinces unearthed the warring States Qin and Han books, to Hubei Province. The tombs of Qin and Han dynasties in the warring States period were unearthed, so it can be said that the books of numerology were very important to people at that time. There are 13 provinces unearthed the warring States, Qin, Han, Wei and Jin documents, seven types of documents, Hubei Province has unearthed, about half of the document carrier is bamboo slips, the other half is wood slips, as a whole, it seems that the people at that time did not favor any kind of carrier. But if compared with the bamboo slips unearthed in Hubei Province, the proportion of wooden slips is much higher, so it can be speculated that people at that time would consider the choice of writing carrier. This observation is superficial and needs to take into account other factors, such as the circumstances of the natural environment at the time, the limitations of the law, and the limited amount of data collected, so more complete information is needed to make a deeper study.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K877.5
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