明代职官与平民墓类型初步研究

发布时间：2018-11-21 07:25

【摘要】：因为有丰富的史料传世和距今年代较短,明代考古学的研究长期以来在国内不受重视,各考古机构和高校从事这段研究的人员也是凤毛麟角,每年的研究成果屈指可数。即便是从事明代考古学研究的研究人员也往往将工作重心放在大型遗址和帝王墓葬的研究中,从全国的角度对明代职官、平民墓葬的综合研究尚未见到。因此,本文尝试从墓葬类型这一方面入手,对全国已发掘的明代中、小型纪年墓葬类型做出初步研究。第一章,前言。主要介绍目前对明代墓葬的分类标准、对明代皇室墓葬的研究成果以及本文的研究方法。当前明墓分类的主流方法有两种——按照墓葬的空间结构分类和按照墓葬的建筑材料、类型特点分类。本文结合上述两种分类方法进行研究。从50年代早期开始对皇室的墓葬研究已经展开,目前出版的学术专著已有十数本之多。本文主要将关注点放在全国范围内有准确纪年的明代中小型墓葬上,并在考古资料的基础上参考文献资料进行研究。第二章,明代职官与平民墓发现及研究概况。第一节主要介绍民国时期明代墓葬的发现情况,主要内容参考卫聚贤的《中国考古小史》,这一时期明墓资料仅限于发现,并没有做任何学术研究。第二节回顾1949年以来重要的明墓发现,将目前对明代中小型墓葬研究成果做了一定程度的梳理。第三节根据全国已经发表的明墓资料结合江苏、上海、四川、江西等资料比较完整的省市粗略的计算出目前已经发表的明墓数量。第三章,明代职官、平民墓区域划分。主要根据明代的行政区域划分、地理因素、文化差异和已知明墓的类型特点将全国分为南京、东北及中原、西北、湖广、西南、东南六个大的区域。并简要的介绍了各区明墓的主要特点。第四章,明代职官、平民墓类型学分析与分期。根据各区明墓特点将其分为长方形前后室券顶砖室墓、单室券顶砖室墓、单室(并列单室)平顶墓、竖穴土坑木椁(棺)墓、仿门楼式墓、壁画墓、土洞墓(靴形墓)、三合土浇浆墓等墓式。将南直隶地区分为早、中、晚三期。早期从洪武五年(1372)至正统十三年(1449),中期从景泰元年(1450)到弘治十八年(1505),晚期自正德元年(1506)到崇祯十七年(1644)。西南和东南地区暂时以景泰、天顺为界分为前后两期。东北及中原地区、西北地区、湖广地区因为资料较少,墓葬特征不明显暂不分期。第五章,结论。共分为四个部分。第一,从横向比较,分析明墓的地域特点；第二,从纵向比较,分析明墓随时间的变化趋势；第三,明代家族有聚族而葬的特点,给我们提供了绝佳的分期材料；最后,明墓对前朝墓葬也存在相当程度的继承和发展。第六章,余论。主要将写作过程中思考的一些问题集中的表述出来,这些问题值得注意,但笔者没有进一步研究。一方面是笔者的一些初步思考,另一方面是给其他研究者提供一些资料和思路。
[Abstract]:Because of the abundant historical materials and the short age, the archaeological research of Ming Dynasty has long been ignored in China, and the number of archaeological institutions and universities engaged in this period of research is rare, and the results of the research are few and far between each year. Even the researchers engaged in the archaeological research of the Ming Dynasty often focus their work on the study of large-scale ruins and imperial tombs. The comprehensive study of the Ming Dynasty officials and civilian tombs has not been seen from the national point of view. Therefore, this paper attempts to start with the type of tombs, and makes a preliminary study on the types of small tombs in the Ming Dynasty that have been excavated in the whole country. Chapter one, preface. This paper mainly introduces the classification standard of Ming Dynasty tombs, the research results of Ming Dynasty royal tombs and the research methods of this paper. At present, there are two main methods for classification of tombs in Ming dynasty: according to the spatial structure of tombs and according to the building materials of tombs. In this paper, the above two classification methods are studied. Since the early1950s, the study of royal tombs has been carried out, and more than a dozen monographs have been published. This paper focuses on the middle and small Ming Dynasty tombs with accurate chronology in the whole country, and makes a study on the references based on the archaeological data. The second chapter, the Ming Dynasty official and civilian tomb discovery and research survey. The first section mainly introduces the discovery of Ming Dynasty tombs in the period of the Republic of China. The main contents refer to Wei Juxian's A brief History of Chinese Archaeology. The second section reviews the discovery of the important Ming tombs since 1949, and combs the research achievements of the middle and small tombs in the Ming Dynasty to a certain extent. The third section roughly calculates the number of Ming tombs that have been published in the whole country and combined with Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan, Jiangxi and other provinces and cities with relatively complete data. The third chapter, the Ming Dynasty official, civilian grave area division. According to the administrative division of Ming Dynasty, geographical factors, cultural differences and the type of known Ming tombs, the whole country is divided into six large areas: Nanjing, Northeast and Central Plains, Northwest, Huguang, Southwest and Southeast. And briefly introduced the main features of Ming tombs in various districts. The fourth chapter, the Ming Dynasty official, civilian tomb typology analysis and staging. According to the characteristics of Ming tombs in various districts, the tombs are divided into oblong front and rear room coupons top brick tombs, single room (juxtaposition and single room) flat top tombs, vertical pit earth pits outer coffin (coffin) tombs, imitation gatehouse tombs, mural tombs, earth cave tombs (boot tombs), The mausoleum, etc., is filled with soil. South Zhili area is divided into early, middle, late three. The early period ranged from Hongwu five years (1372) to orthodox 13 years (1449), the middle period from Jingtai first year (1450) to Hongzhi eighteen years (1505), and the late period from Zhengde first year (1506) to Chongzhen seventeen years (1644). Southwest and southeast region temporarily to Jingtai, Tianshun as the boundary is divided into two periods before and after. In Northeast and Central Plains, Northwest China, Huguang area, because of the lack of data, the characteristics of tombs are not obviously phased. Chapter V, conclusion. It is divided into four parts. First, from the horizontal comparison, analyze the regional characteristics of Ming Tombs; second, from the longitudinal comparison, analyze the changing trend of Ming Tombs with time; third, the family of Ming Dynasty has the characteristics of gathering and burial, which provides us with excellent staging materials; Finally, the tombs of the Ming Dynasty also have a considerable degree of inheritance and development. Chapter six, the conclusion. This paper focuses on some problems in the process of writing, which are worthy of attention, but the author has not studied them further. On the one hand, it is some preliminary thinking of the author, on the other hand, it provides some information and ideas to other researchers.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K878.8

【参考文献】