起甲、脱落、酥粉陶质文物胶料彩绘的回位修复研究

发布时间：2019-06-18 20:32

【摘要】：我国有着悠久的文明史,早在新石器时代就出现了彩绘,这些文物彩绘蕴含着人类发展各个时期的科技、文化、风俗、宗教信仰等丰富信息,因而成为古代文明的重要组成部分,对研究古代历史、文化、艺术具有重要价值。但是数千年来,随着环境的变迁,这些文物彩绘发生了多种病害,如风化褪色、起甲脱落、酥粉、滋生霉菌、粘结土锈等,给其艺术、考古价值带来不可估量的损失,文物彩绘及金箔起甲、脱落、酥粉是其中最为严重的病害之一,急待科学保护。目前,国内针对该方面的研究比较零散,主要集中在起甲壁画的修复,生漆彩绘的保护,而对已经起甲、脱落的陶质文物胶料彩绘及金箔的修复还没有系统的研究,且对修复材料没有统一的系统评价体系。本文以起甲、脱落、酥粉的陶质文物胶料彩绘及石刻文物上的金箔作为主要研究对象,建立修复材料性能评价体系,进行修复研究,主要包括以下内容：第一章介绍了我国古代文物彩绘发生的主要病害,包括风化褪色、粘结土锈、滋生霉菌、起甲脱落等,其中发生起甲、脱落、酥粉文物彩绘类型,包括壁画起甲、生漆彩绘起甲脱落、胶料彩绘起甲脱落、彩绘酥粉、金箔起甲脱落。综述了文物彩绘的相关物质组成及分析方法。分析了温度、湿度、光照、有害气体及可溶性盐等对文物彩绘的危害。综述了国内对起甲、脱落、酥粉病害的研究进展。第二章针对起甲、脱落、酥粉文物彩绘病害的本质是彩绘层与基体之间失去了附着力,提出了本文的研究思路：即增加彩绘层与基体之间的附着力,同时增加彩绘层的柔韧性,不改变文物的原有颜色,并能耐久保持。在此基础上提出了本文的研究方法,包括修复材料的筛选和应用两部分。第三章针对发生起甲、脱落、酥粉彩绘的特点,建立了修复材料性能系统评价体系,该体系包括附着力测试、柔韧性测试、色差测试及加速老化测试。针对文物胶结材料分析常用的色谱及色谱与其他技术联用方法对鉴定文物胶料种类存在的不足,提出了用元素分析和X光电子能谱对胶结材料种类进行简便、快速的分析。第四章对西汉彩绘兵马俑起甲、脱落、酥粉彩绘进行了回位修复研究。通过扫描电镜能谱、激光拉曼光谱、X射线衍射相结合,分析了咸阳博物馆西汉彩绘兵马俑的红色、白色、绿色及黑色颜料的主要成分,结果表明其成分分别为为朱砂、粘土、石绿和碳黑。同时采用光电子能谱、元素分析方法分析了其所用胶料,结果表明其中含有氮元素,推测其为动物胶。通过对ZB-F600水性氟、水溶性环氧树脂B-63、聚乙烯醇、聚醋酸乙烯、Paraloid B72与颜料混合后制成样品的附着力与柔韧性进行测试,筛选了ZB-F600水性氟与水溶性环氧树脂B-63作为起甲、脱落陶质文物胶料彩绘的回贴修复剂。对ZB-F600水性氟与水溶性环氧树脂B-63以不同配比浓度组成的回贴修复剂与颜料混合后制成的样品,进行柔韧性与色差测试,结果表明,ZB-F600水性氟与水溶性环氧树脂B-63、水最佳的质量百分比为25：3：72。对该修复剂与颜料制成的样品进行紫外老化、湿热老化、臭氧老化,测试样品老化前后柔韧性、附着力、色差,结果表明其上述各项性能均保持较好,耐久性稳定,可以作为起甲、脱落陶质文物胶料彩绘的同贴修复剂。对水性氟、聚醋酸乙烯、骨胶三种材料与颜料混合制成的样品,进行紫外、湿热、干热老化,结果表明以水性氟制备的颜料样品的附着力老化前后都保持较好,耐久性能优异,可作为酥粉彩绘的修复剂。同时,通过对不同浓度水性氟制备的朱砂、石绿颜料的附着力、柔韧性及色差进行测试,表明,质量浓度为0.4%-1%的修复剂既能使颜料保持较好的附着力和柔韧性,又对文物的颜色改变较小。采用上述筛选的修复剂分别对起甲、脱落、酥粉的西汉彩绘兵马进行了小面积修复,效果显著。第五章针对西安某公司收藏的北魏时期贴金石质文物上金箔大面积起甲、脱落的现状,分析了其上金箔的成分,金的含量在56.6%。将金箔分别用5%质量浓度的聚醋酸乙烯水溶液、聚乙烯醇水溶液、ZB-F600水性氟水溶液、Paraloid B72丙酮溶液贴在平整的汉白玉与柔韧性试板上,分别在紫外、湿热、臭氧条件下老化30天,测试样品老化前后的柔韧性、附着力,结果表明,ZB-F600水性氟回贴的金箔样品在这几种材料中柔韧性、附着力最好,耐久性也最强,选择其做为起甲、脱落金箔的回贴修复剂。通过对以不同浓度水性氟回贴金箔样品的附着力、柔韧性、色差进行了测试,表明3%-8%的水性氟柔韧性、附着力居中,色差变化较小,可应用于起甲、脱落金箔的回贴修复剂。在石质贴金佛像上应用,完整再现了其原有的风貌。综上所述,本文建立了起甲、脱落、酥粉文物彩绘修复材料性能评价体系,利用该体系筛选了以水性氟为主的修复材料,能增加颜料与基体之间的附着力、增加颜料层的柔韧性,并能耐久保持,利用筛选的修复材料分别对起甲、脱落、酥粉的西汉彩绘兵马俑及西安某公司收藏的贴金彩绘上起甲金箔进行了回花修复,效果显著。
[Abstract]:China has a long history of civilization, and it has been painted in the Neolithic Age, which contains rich information of science, technology, culture, customs and religious belief in various times of human development, thus becoming an important part of ancient civilization and studying the ancient history and culture. The art is of great value. But for thousands of years, with the change of the environment, the color painting of the cultural relics has various diseases, such as weathering and fading, the falling of the nail, the shortening, the breeding of the mold, the binding of the soil and the like, so as to bring inestimable losses to the art and the archaeological value, the color painting of the cultural relics and the loss of the gold foil, It is one of the most serious diseases, and it is urgently to be protected by science. At present, the domestic research on this aspect is more and more fragmented, mainly in the repair of the first mural painting, the protection of the painting of the raw lacquer, but also has no systematic research on the color painting and the repair of the gold foil, and there is no unified system evaluation system for the repair material. In this paper, the property evaluation system of the repair material was set up, and the following contents were mainly included in the paper, as the main research object, to set up a system for evaluating the performance of the repair material. The first chapter introduces the main diseases of the ancient Chinese cultural relics painting. The damage, including the weathering and fading, the binding of the soil rust, the growth of mold, and the shedding of the nail, etc., in which the color painting type of the nail, the falling off and the crisp powder has taken place, including the painting of the mural, the painting of the lacquer of the raw lacquer and the falling off of the nail, the color painting of the sizing material, the falling off of the nail, the color painting of the shortening powder, and the stripping of the gold foil. The paper reviews the composition of the related substances and the analysis of the cultural relics. The safety of color painting of cultural relics, such as temperature, humidity, light, harmful gas and soluble salt, is analyzed. In this paper, the research of the disease of the first, the falling and the crisp powder in China is reviewed in this paper. In the second chapter, the paper puts forward the thought of this paper: to increase the adhesive force between the colored drawing layer and the base, and to increase the flexibility of the colored drawing layer and not to change the original of the cultural relics. It's color, and it's all right. In this paper, the research methods of this paper, including the screening and application of the repair materials, are put forward. In the third chapter, the evaluation system of the system for evaluating the performance of the repair material is established, which includes the adhesion test, the flexibility test, the color difference test and the addition. In view of the defects in the identification of the species of the cultural relic, the analysis of the element and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to make the type of the cementing material simple and convenient. The fourth chapter is to make a rapid analysis. The fourth chapter is to carry out the color painting of the Terracotta Warriors of the Western Han Dynasty. The main components of the red, white, green and black pigments of the Terracotta Warriors of the Xihan Museum of the Xihan Museum were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), laser Raman spectrum and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the components were cinnabar and mucin. in that light of the photoelectron spectroscopy and the element analysis method, the size of the compound is analyzed, and the result shows that the compound contain the nitrogen element, The adhesion and flexibility of ZB-F600 aqueous fluorine, water-soluble epoxy resin B-63, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, Parapid B72 and pigment were tested and ZB-F600 aqueous fluorine and water-soluble epoxy tree were selected. The grease B-63 is used as the starting and falling ceramic cultural relic glue. A paste-back repairing agent for color painting is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: B-63 of the ZB-F600 aqueous fluorine and the water-soluble epoxy resin B-63 and the pigment, and carrying out flexibility and color difference test, the sample prepared by the repairing agent and the pigment is subjected to ultraviolet aging, humid heat aging and ozone aging, and the flexibility, the adhesive force and the color difference before and after aging of the test sample are tested, It is stable and can be used as a starting and falling ceramic cultural relic glue. the sample prepared by mixing the three materials of aqueous fluorine, polyvinyl acetate and bone glue and the pigment is subjected to ultraviolet, heat and dry heat aging, the results show that the adhesive force of the pigment sample prepared by the aqueous fluorine is good, the durability can be excellent, Meanwhile, the adhesion, flexibility and color difference of the cinnabar and the stone green pigment prepared by different concentration of aqueous fluorine are tested, and the color change of the cultural relics is small, In the fifth chapter, the paper analyzes the current situation of the large area of gold foil in the gold foil of the gold foil during the Northern Wei period, which is collected by some company in Xi 'an, and analyzes the gold on the gold foil. The content of the foil is 56.6%, and the gold foil is respectively coated with 5% mass concentration of polyvinyl acetate aqueous solution, polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution, ZB-F600 aqueous fluorine aqueous solution, and the Paraloid B72 acetone solution on the flat Chinese white jade and the flexible test plate, In addition to aging for 30 days under the condition of damp-heat and ozone, the flexibility and adhesion of the sample before and after aging of the test sample are tested. The results show that the gold foil sample of the ZB-F600 aqueous fluorine-back adhesive is flexible in the materials, the adhesive force is the best, the durability is also the strongest, The adhesive force, the flexibility and the color difference of the gold foil sample with different concentration of the aqueous fluorine are tested, the adhesive force, the flexibility and the color difference of the sample with different concentration of the aqueous fluorine-containing gold foil are tested, the adhesive force is central, the change of the color difference is small, The invention relates to a sticking and repairing agent for starting a nail and a shedding gold foil, In the light of the above, the paper establishes a system for evaluating the performance of the color painting and repairing material of the cultural relics, which is based on the water-based fluorine, which can increase the adhesion between the pigment and the matrix. so that the flexibility of the pigment layer can be increased,
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K879.4

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