大中学生复合命题推理能力的发展性研究

发布时间：2018-04-02 08:10

本文选题：复合命题推理　切入点：心理模型　出处：《云南师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 认知心理学是一门用信息加工的观点研究人类心理活动规律的科学,自20世纪80年代初传入我国,发展迅速但很不平衡。一方面,几十年来,研究人员对于知觉规律、模式识别、表征和记忆等展开了大量的研究,取得了引人瞩目的成绩;另一方面,对于认知活动的某些环节则鲜有研究,显得非常薄弱,思维活动中的演绎推理过程就是明显的一例。所以我们对复合命题推理的心理模型理论进行研究,就可以补充演绎推理研究中的不足,更深刻地探究演绎推理中复合命题的心理发展规律。本研究由三个检测任务组成,系统地探讨了初中组、高中组和大学组被试复合命题推理能力的发展和制约因素,总体上可得到以下结论: (1)大中学生被试的复合命题推理能力的发展随着年龄的增长有很大程度的提高。表现为初中组被试已经形成较简单的复合命题推理能力,到了高中组,被试的复合命题推理能力出现转折,到了大学组阶段,达到飞跃。 (2)女生的复合命题推理能力强于男生,因为在不同类型复合命题推理问题上,女生的成绩好于男生。 (3)在复合命题推理领域证明了心理模型理论的正确性,即单模型问题推理易于双模型问题推理,双模型问题推理又易于三模型问题推理,而且模型问题推理能力是呈发展趋势的。 (4)不同的推理类型对被试的复合命题推理能力有显著的影响。联言推理最简单,不相容的选言推理次之,充分条件的假言推理最难。所以被试联言推理的能力强于不相容的选言推理,强于充分条件的假言推理。 (5)不同的问题格式对被试的复合命题推理能力有显著的影响。有重复肢的问题较难于无重复肢的问题,在双陈述任务下的复合命题推理领域验证了Johnson-Laird所提出的正面信息表征偏向存在理论——即被试只会对所提供的正面信息进行表征,而不会主动对所提供的反面信息进行转化的偏向。 (6)学习对双陈述任务下大学生被试的复合命题推理能力有促进作用。
[Abstract]:Cognitive psychology is a science that studies the law of human psychological activity from the viewpoint of information processing. It has developed rapidly but unevenly since it was introduced into China in the early 1980s. On the one hand, for decades, researchers have been concerned about the law of perception. Pattern recognition, representation and memory have been extensively studied and achieved remarkable results. On the other hand, some aspects of cognitive activities are rarely studied and are very weak. The process of deductive reasoning in thinking activity is an obvious example. Therefore, we can supplement the deficiency of deductive reasoning by studying the psychological model theory of compound propositional reasoning. The psychological development law of compound propositions in deductive reasoning is explored more deeply. This study is composed of three testing tasks, and systematically discusses the development and restriction factors of subjects' reasoning ability in junior middle school, senior middle school and university. The following conclusions can be obtained as a whole:. 1) the development of students' reasoning ability of compound propositional reasoning has greatly improved with the increase of age, which shows that the junior middle school students have formed simple reasoning ability of compound propositional reasoning, and they have reached the senior high school group. The subjects' reasoning ability of compound proposition turned to the stage of university group and reached a leap. 2) female students' reasoning ability of compound proposition is better than that of boys, because girls' scores are better than boys'on different types of complex propositional reasoning. 3) in the field of compound propositional reasoning, the correctness of psychological model theory is proved, that is, single model problem reasoning is easy to double model problem reasoning, and double model problem reasoning is easy to three model problem reasoning. And the reasoning ability of model problem is developing. 4) different types of reasoning have significant influence on the subjects' reasoning ability of compound propositional reasoning. The hypothetical reasoning with sufficient conditions is the most difficult. 5) different problem formats have a significant effect on the subjects' reasoning ability of compound propositions. In the field of compound propositional reasoning under the task of double statements, the theory of positive information representation bias proposed by Johnson-Laird is verified-that is, the participants will only represent the positive information provided. A bias that does not take the initiative to transform the negative information provided. 6) Learning can promote the students' reasoning ability of compound proposition under the task of double statement.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：B812

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