马克思劳动思想的历史解读

发布时间：2018-01-22 03:20

本文关键词： 马克思劳动历史整体性　出处：《中共中央党校》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：探寻人生的意义,获取人的自由、平等和解放是人类永恒不懈的追求。在古希腊,先哲们就希望通过对存在的沉思获取人生的意义和世界的完满。进入中世纪,人类开始寄希望于对上帝的信仰来拯救罪恶的灵魂而获取永恒。随着马丁?路德的宗教改革和资本主义社会萌芽的兴起,世俗生活逐渐摆脱了基督教的统治而显露于人们视野当中。以笛卡尔为代表的启蒙思想家们迅速确立了人的理性权威,高扬起自由、平等和解放的旗帜。然而即使经历了启蒙运动的洗礼以及资产阶级革命,人类的自由、平等和解放在近代资本主义社会的现实当中,似乎依旧还是一场遥不可及的梦想。原因何在?自古以来,对人生意义的寻求以及对人的解放的追求似乎永远徘徊在精神活动当中——沉思、信仰和理性,而物质生产劳动作为一个古老而基础的活动却从来没有得到应有的重视。人们无法想象在卑微的、艰辛的生产劳动中能够获取人生的意义和人类的自由及解放。然而,马克思发现了。他响亮的提出劳动创造人,劳动是人的生命活动本质,也只有通过劳动,人类才有可能获取自由和解放。但是这一思想的真正精神长久以来却被遮蔽在对它的近代解读中。人们经常误解马克思是机械的历史决定论,宣称以唯物史观和剩余价值理论为核心的马克思学说已经过时了,其根本原因就是人们没有对马克思的劳动思想进行一个整体的、历史的解读。当我们站在人类历史的整体背景下来看待马克思的劳动思想,从人类劳动思想发展史的整体角度来把握马克思劳动思想的真正内涵及精神实质,我们会发现马克思劳动思想的产生是时代的产物。资产阶级工业革命对劳动生产力的提升使人们第一次看到蕴含在人类劳动内部巨大的创造和支配力量,而工人运动的不断发展使人们开始关注劳动者阶级的权利以及日益尖锐的阶级矛盾,逐渐发现市民社会和政治国家的扭曲割裂。不少思想家纷纷对这些社会现象进行了研究和探索,其中较为系统的要数古典国民经济学家通过对资本主义经济关系的研究提出较为完善的劳动价值思想,以及黑格尔针对启蒙缺失的资本主义社会现实构建出通过精神能动劳作达到个体和类相统一的伦理国家。马克思的劳动思想无疑是在吸收继承前人思想精华的基础上产生的,更是和马克思自身的理论素养、生活境遇以及阶级立场密切相关。同样,要想弄清楚马克思的劳动思想,首先要界定劳动概念在马克思的文本著作中具有什么样的理论内涵和外延。劳动概念只有到近代才具有从各种具体劳动抽象出的一般劳动意义。历史的来看,劳动和生产、实践以及工作等相关概念既有区别又有联系,以这几个概念的历史变迁为路径描绘出人类劳动发展史的基本面貌,有助于我们明晰以及厘清马克思文本中不同语境下劳动范畴的真正所指。在这一基础上,从劳动和人、劳动和社会、劳动和历史这三个视角对马克思劳动思想的理论内涵进行较为全面的解读。从马克思劳动发展史的整体角度来看,我们可以看到马克思的劳动思想源于解决启蒙理性所呼唤的自由、平等和当时落后德国社会现实之间的矛盾问题,落脚点也是为了实现自由、平等和人类解放。马克思对资本主义社会劳动异化现象以及拜物教现象的揭示和谴责是为了呼唤无产阶级起来反抗和推翻这个压迫人、剥削人的颠倒世界,马克思对劳动二重性的剖析以及对剩余价值理论的揭露是为了科学的证明资本主义社会资本对劳动的残酷剥削以及找到推翻资本主义社会和实现人类解放的现实路径。总的来说,马克思的劳动思想不仅继承吸收黑格尔哲学思维方式中的强大的历史感和辩证观,还进一步吸收了国民政治经济学直面现实的唯物主义传统以及实证经验的经济学论证方法,从而建立了一个真正契合现实的、辩证唯物的劳动理论体系;并且由于其集粹了西方各种优秀的精神文化资源,以及代表了先进无产阶级的根本利益,因此具有前人无可比拟的理论特质。它是一个整体的理论体系,具有强大的历史感和辩证思维方式,是真理和价值的统一体。
[Abstract]:Exploring the meaning of life, for human freedom, equality and human liberation is the eternal pursuit. In ancient Greece, philosophers want to pass on the existence of the world and the significance of life. The perfect meditation gets into the middle ages, people began to hope that faith in God to save the evil soul for eternity. With Martin? Luther's religious reform and the rise of capitalism sprout, secular life gradually get rid of the Christian rule appear in people's vision. With Descartes as the representative of the Enlightenment thinkers quickly established rational authority of people, advocating freedom, equality and liberation flag. However, even after the baptism and the enlightenment the bourgeois revolution, human freedom, equality and liberation in the modern capitalist society reality, seems to still a distant dream. What are the reasons for self? Since ancient times, seeking the meaning of life and the pursuit of the liberation of the people seemed to be wandering in the spirit activities -- Meditation, belief and rationality, and material production as an ancient and fundamental activities but never get the attention they deserve. People can not imagine in the humble, hard labor can get life the meaning and human freedom and liberation. However, Marx found. He was put forward labor, labor is the essence of human life, only through labor, human beings will obtain freedom and liberation. But this thought the true spirit of long was obscured by the modern interpretation of it. People often misunderstand Marx. Mechanical historical determinism, claims to historical materialism and surplus value theory is the core of Marx's theory has become obsolete, the fundamental reason is that people are not With the labor of Marx thought as a whole, historical interpretation. When we stand in the whole background of human history down view of Marx's labor theory, from the perspective of the whole history of the development of human labor theory to grasp Marx's labour thought the real connotation and spirit, we will find that Marx's thought is the era of labor the product of the industrial revolution of the bourgeoisie. Enhance the labor productivity of the first people to see contained in the human labor creation and huge internal power, and the continuous development of the workers' movement so that people began to concern the rights of working class and the increasingly sharp contradictions, gradually found that the distortion of fragmented civil society and political state. Many thinkers have carried out the research and exploration of these social phenomena, which systematically to the number of classical economists through national capital The theory of economic relations put forward relatively perfect labor value idea, and Hagel for the lack of the reality of capitalist society enlightenment to construct national ethics through the spirit of active labor to achieve the unity of individual and class. The work of Marx thought it is produced in the basis of inheriting thought on the essence of the theory, and is Marx's own accomplishment class, circumstances and life is closely related to the position. Also, to clarify the ideas of Marx's work, the first is to define the concept of labor has theoretical connotation and extension of what is in the text of Marx's writings. The concept of labor is only in modern times from the general meaning of labor labor abstract. Historically, labor and the production practice, and other related concepts are different but related, with historical changes of these concepts to depict the path The basic features of the history of the development of human labor, have real meaning can help us clarify and clarify Marx's text in different contexts of labor category. On this basis, and from the labor, labor and social theory, the connotation of Marx's labour theory of labor and history of the three perspectives of comprehensive explanation from. The whole view of Marx labor history, we can see the source of Marx's labor theory to solve the call Enlightenment rationality of freedom, equality and backward contradiction between the German social reality at that time, the end result is to achieve freedom, equality and human liberation. Marx of capitalist social phenomenon and reveals the alienation of labor fetishism and condemnation is to call up and overthrow the oppression of the proletariat, the exploitation of man by turning the world upside down, Marx on the analysis and the duality of labor On the theory of surplus value is to expose the cruel exploitation of scientific proof of capitalist social capital for labor and find the overthrow of capitalist society and the realistic path of human liberation. In general, the work of Marx thought not only inherited and absorbed the thought of Hagel philosophy in the strong sense of history and dialectical view, further absorption of national political economics face the reality proof of economics materialism and traditional empirical experience, so as to establish a truly fit the reality, the labor theory system of dialectical materialism; and due to the collection of various western excellent spiritual and cultural resources, and represents the fundamental interests of the advanced of the proletariat, therefore has the characteristics of the theory of previous There is nothing comparable to this. It is a whole theoretical system, with a strong sense of history and dialectical way of thinking, is the truth and value Unity.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：A81

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