论马克思“实践的人道主义”

发布时间：2018-03-25 23:19

本文选题：马克思　切入点：实践　出处：《东北师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文主旨在于理解马克思的人道主义思想。马克思的“实践的人道主义”首先不是现代西方社会生活中所理解的同情人、帮助人、体恤人的慈善性人道主义。马克思的人道主义在他的思想体系中是对马克思世界观、历史观、社会观、人性观的彰显。马克思的人道主义与以往世界观相区别，以往西方人道主义是本体主义，它的立足点是抽象本体，而马克思的人道主义立足点是人，考虑世界的出发点是通过改造世界来实现人本身价值，马克思的人道主义是对以往世界观、历史观、社会观、人性观的变革，体现了马克思的新思想、新哲学、新思维，是新世界观体系。马克思的人道主义不是抽象的人道主义，它集中体现了人类存在的两种最基本关系：一是对于人而言，自然是实现了的彻底的人道主义；二是对于自然而言，人是实现了的彻底的自然主义。这种思维方式从对象性角度体现和实现人与自然、人与自身本质、人与人的关系，并在复杂的社会关系中去把握人，通过人的主体性、主观性、主动性来实现人与自然、人与自身本质、人与人的对象性关系，进而实现改造人类历史，促进社会进步，全面提升人的素质等人类价值诉求，所以马克思的人道主义不仅仅是理论的，更是实践的。以此思想为核心，本文分以下几个部分。绪论部分总结国内人道主义研究的历史和现状，指出这些年来关于人道主义讨论所形成的成果，以及在这个过程中所出现的一些问题。第一章论述实践的人道主义新世界观意蕴根源于马克思从事市民社会批判的价值自觉。马克思转向批判市民社会，进行国民经济学研究有着强烈的针对性，它是对资本主义压抑人性的强烈反抗，是以生产实践的对象化的价值特质与劳动在资本主义条件下的事实异化之间的悖论为出发点。在对自启蒙以来的人道主义发展和社会主义、粗陋的共产主义的人道主义诉求进行双重批判的基础上，以共产主义的积极态度扬弃私有财产的理论预演中，提出了实践的人道主义思想。第二章论述马克思实践的人道主义的新世界观诉求。马克思的人道主义思想变革表现为：第一，在对人的理解上，马克思认为人的本质与实践有着密切的关联，人们的生产实践过程就是生成自己本性的过程。第二，在对人与世界关系上，马克思认为以往的人道主义和自然主义这两种价值之间的对立，已经被人的社会实践所终结，对人来说，人类社会就是人的真正的自然界，同时也只有用自然主义的态度才能真正理解人类社会。第三，在对待人与历史的关系上，马克思认为历史无非是人的实践活动史，其终极根据是感性直观，所以应该用科学的态度而不是思辨的态度来对待历史，历史应该成为一门科学，这门科学首要的任务在于确定感性的前提，并由此出发揭示人类社会发展的系统结构，作为历史研究的方法论。第四，在人与人之间的关系上，即伦理道德问题上，马克思并不抽象的议论某种永恒的价值，而是指出环境的改变和人与人关系改变的一致性，从而揭示资本主义社会伦理道德意识形态的历史性。第三章论述实践的人道主义是扬弃和超越抽象人道主义的理论成果。实质上是论述实践的人道主义的理论来源及其超越性。实践的人道主义是马克思在反思、批判抽象人道主义的过程之中形成的。抽象的人道主义集中体现在两个方面，一个是西方人道主义传统，特别是在启蒙运动过程中形成的人道主义传统。另外一个方面是费尔巴哈的人道主义，费尔巴哈对人的理解，是在反神学的过程中形成的。马克思的实践人道主义通过扬弃两者而形成。第四章论述实践的人道主义不断地反思与发展。主要讲恩格斯对马克思的人道主义思想的阐释以及它分别在苏联、东欧和西方的发展，实际上是实践的人道主义向何处去的问题。恩格斯总体上坚持了马克思的思想，，并对其做了一定程度的发展，澄清了历史唯物主义与人道主义的关系问题；苏联和东欧早期主要是在革命人道主义的立场上理解人道主义，后来在社会主义实践过程中由压抑转为张扬，总体来说在一定意义上偏离了马克思；西方马克思主义对人道主义的理解主要是从文化的角度进行，它的主要目的是批判资产阶级发展过程中所形成人性的荒芜以及文化方面的焦虑。第五章论述实践的人道主义与现代人道思想的对话。意图说明实践人道主义的意义与价值，将马克思的人道主义理解为实践的人道主义，实际上搭建起了马克思哲学与西方现代哲学对话的平台，从而可以回应他们对马克思的一些批评，主要是对萨特和海德格尔的回应，萨特认为马克思哲学存在着人性的空场，海德格尔认为马克思的人道主义充其量是一种形而上学。同时，将马克思的人道主义理解为实践的人道主义还可以与中国传统的人道思想进行对话，从而寻求两种人道思想的契入点，为当下社会的发展提供某些启示。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to understand Marx's humanism. Marx's "practice humanitarianism" is not the first modern western social life understanding with lover, to help people, compassionate charitable humanitarian. Marx's Humanitarianism in his thought system of Marx's world view, historical view, social view, highlight the view of human nature. Marx's humanitarianism and previous world outlook distinguishes, the previous western humanism is ontological, it focuses on the abstract ontology, while Marx's humanitarian standpoint is the people to think the world is the starting point through the transformation of the world to realize the value of human, Marx's Humanitarianism in the past is the world view, view of history, society, human nature changes, embodies the new thought, Marx's new philosophy, new thinking, new world outlook system. Humanitarian Marx is not the abstract person Humanitarian, it embodies two basic relations of human existence: one is for the people, nature is the realization of the thorough humanitarianism; the two is to nature, people is to achieve a thorough naturalism. This way of thinking from the perspective of object and realize the human and nature, human nature with itself, the relationship between people and people, and in the complex social relations to hold people, through people's subjectivity, subjectivity, initiative to realize the essence of man and nature, man and himself, the object of the relationship between people and people, so as to realize the transformation of human history, promoting social progress, improving the quality of people the human value, so Marx's humanitarianism is not only the theory of practice. It is thought as the core, this paper divided into the following parts.
The introduction summarizes the history and current situation of humanitarian research in China, and points out the achievements of humanitarian discussions over the past few years, and some problems arising from this process.
The first chapter discusses the practice of humanitarian new world view meaning originates from Marx in the critique of civil society's value consciousness. Marx turned to the critique of civil society, national economic research has a strong targeted, it is strongly against capitalism to suppress human nature, is a paradox between the practical value of production traits and labor object in under the conditions of capitalist alienation as the starting point. The fact of since the Enlightenment of the humanitarian and development foundation of socialism, the humble communism of humanitarianism dual critique on the theory of rehearsal with a positive attitude of communism sublation of private property, put forward the practice of humanism.
The second chapter discusses Marx's humanitarian practice new world view of humanism demands. The transformation of Marx is: first, in the understanding of human nature and practice, Marx believes that people are closely related, the production process of people is to generate your own nature. In second, the relationship between man and the world, Marx believes that the opposition between the humanism and naturalism of these two values, have been the end of the social practice, the people, the human society is the people's true nature, but only for naturalism attitude to truly understand human society. Third, in dealing with the relationship between man and history. Marx thinks, history is nothing but people's practice is based on history, its ultimate perceptual intuition, so we should use the scientific attitude rather than speculative attitude towards history, history should be As a science, the science of the primary task is to determine the sense of the premise, the system structure and thus starting to reveal the development of human society, as history research methodology. In fourth, the relationship between man and man, that is ethical issues, Marx did not like about some kind of eternal value of smoke, but pointed out that the consistency of the change of the environment and the change of human relations, so as to reveal the history of moral ideology of capitalist society ethics.
The third chapter discusses the practice of humanism is sublating and transcending abstract humanism theory. In essence is a theory source of discourse practice of humanitarian and transcendence. Practical humanism is Marx on the formation process of criticism abstract humanism among. Abstract humanism is mainly embodied in two aspects, one is the western humanism tradition, particularly in the formation process of the Enlightenment of the humanitarian tradition. Another is Feuerbach's humanism, Feuerbach's understanding of human, is formed in the process of anti theology in Marx's practical humanitarianism through both sublation and formation.
The fourth chapter discusses the practical humanism constantly reflection and development. Mainly about Engels Marx's humanitarianism ideology and its development respectively in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and the west, the practice of humanitarian is actually the problem of where to go. Engels generally adhere to the thought of Marx and the development of to a certain extent, to clarify the relationship between historical materialism and humanism; the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe is mainly in the early understanding of humanitarian revolutionary humanitarian grounds, later in the practice of socialism in the process of repression to overall publicity, in a certain sense from Marx; Marx's understanding of western humanism mainly is from the cultural perspective, its main purpose is human form criticism of the bourgeoisie in the process of the development of barren and cultural aspects of anxiety.
Humanitarian and modern humanity thought the fifth chapter discusses the practice of dialogue. Intends to explain the significance and value of humanitarian practice, Marx's understanding for the practice of humanitarian humanitarian, actually build the Marx philosophy and modern western philosophy dialogue platform, so they can respond to some criticism of Marx, mainly for Sutter Heidegger and Sutter think that the philosophy of Marx's response, exist in the human field, Heidegger believes Marx's humanitarianism is at best a kind of metaphysics. At the same time, the dialogue will humanitarian humanitarian thought Marx's understanding can also practice humanitarianism and China tradition, the starting point to seek two humanitarian ideas, provide some enlightenment for the development of the society.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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