马克思真理观及其现代价值研究

发布时间：2018-11-09 21:30

【摘要】：随着近代西方哲学所发生的认识论转向，真理观成为近代哲学关注的核心问题之一。唯理论和经验论就此发生了剧烈的冲突，并形成各自的真理观，但因其割裂理性和经验在知识形成中的辩证关系，并将真理观限定在认识论范畴内，导致休谟怀疑论立场下对真理观的否定。德国古典哲学从康德开始，就致力于在认识论和存在论双重意义上建立起统一的真理观，不过，由于其固有的思辨本性，这种真理观虽然能在黑格尔唯心主义哲学体系中形成虚幻的统一，但却远离人和人的现实生活。马克思正是在批判和超越近代哲学真理观的理论困境和遗留问题的基础上，重新确立真理观由以产生的基础，即返回到人类现实的、历史的、具体的实践活动中去，以此为视角审视真理观的内涵，从而彻底扭转了近代哲学真理观在一系列问题上的漏洞。结合马克思的相关著作发现，作为马克思真理观理论基石的“实践”概念并非马克思一开始便确立的，而是马克思在从费尔巴哈人本主义异化史观向唯物史观转变过程中，由“劳动”—“工业”—“实践”逐步转换而来。这种连续进行的概念转化在其1845年前后的经典文本中都得以体现出来。以“实践”为立足点，马克思清除了传统真理观的纯思辨色彩，使真理观向人本身和人的生活靠拢。马克思真理观借助“实践”这一媒介，使真理首次在认识论和存在论、合规律性与合目的性统一，同时也使真理和价值在人的生活的基础上首次得以统一。马克思真理观决不是德国古典哲学在黑格尔之后的简单推进或深化，也不是所谓的黑格尔辩证法加费尔巴哈唯物主义的简单综合，而是彻底的哲学革命。从历史的横向来看，黑格尔哲学解体后，和马克思主义哲学同时产生的西方现代哲学在真理观上走向片面化，，即走向实证主义单纯寻求关于客观事物知识的普遍有效性和存在主义单纯追问个体存在的意义两个极端。马克思真理观超越二者的地方在于，它将自然和人看作是不可分割的整体，从人和自然界的联系中体认真理的真正本质，从而避免陷入错误之中。在新的历史环境下，我们在坚持马克思真理观的基本立场的前提下，也要看到实证主义和存在主义真理观在某些方面的优点，从而实现二者在现代社会的对话。马克思真理观的现代价值便在这种对话中体现出来：在“实践”基础上所实现的真正的认识论和存在论的统一、在解决现代社会价值虚无等问题时所表现出的强有力的批判精神。
[Abstract]:With the change of epistemology in modern western philosophy, truth has become one of the core problems of modern philosophy. There has been a sharp conflict between rationalism and empiricism, and they have formed their own views of truth, but because they separate the dialectical relationship between reason and experience in the formation of knowledge, they confine the concept of truth to the category of epistemology. It leads to the negation of Hume's view of truth from the standpoint of skepticism. From Kant's point of view, German classical philosophy has been devoted to the establishment of a unified view of truth in the sense of epistemology and existentialism. However, due to its inherent speculative nature, Although this view of truth can form an illusory unity in Hegel's idealistic philosophy system, it is far from the real life of man and man. It is on the basis of criticizing and transcending the theoretical dilemmas and problems left over in modern philosophy that Marx reestablishes the basis for the creation of the truth view, that is, to return to the actual, historical, and concrete practical activities of human beings. From this angle of view, the connotation of truth view is examined and the loophole in a series of problems of modern philosophy truth view is completely reversed. Combining with the relevant works of Marx, it is found that the concept of "practice", which is the cornerstone of Marx's theory of truth, was not established by Marx from the beginning, but in the course of Marx's transformation from Feuerbach's alienation of humanism to materialist view of history. From the "labor"-"industry"-"practice" from the gradual transformation. The concept of continuous transformation can be reflected in its classical texts around 1845. On the basis of "practice", Marx cleared away the pure speculative color of the traditional view of truth and drew it closer to man and his life. With the aid of the medium of "practice", Marx's view of truth makes the truth unify for the first time in epistemology and existentialism, regularity and purpose, and at the same time, the truth and value can be unified on the basis of human life for the first time. Marx's view of truth is by no means a simple advance or deepening of German classical philosophy after Hegel, nor a simple synthesis of the so-called Hegel dialectics plus Feuerbach materialism, but a thorough philosophical revolution. From the perspective of history, after the disintegration of Hegel's philosophy, the western modern philosophy, which came into being at the same time as Marxist philosophy, has become one-sided in the view of truth. That is to say, to seek the universal validity of knowledge about objective things and the significance of existentialism to question the existence of individual is two extremes. What Marx's view of truth transcends lies in that it regards nature and man as an indivisible whole and recognizes the true essence of truth from the connection between man and nature so as to avoid falling into error. In the new historical environment, we should also see the merits of positivism and existentialism in some respects on the premise of adhering to the basic standpoint of Marx's view of truth, so as to realize the dialogue between them in modern society. The modern value of Marx's view of truth is reflected in this dialogue: the unity of real epistemology and existentialism realized on the basis of "practice", The strong critical spirit in solving the problem of nothingness in modern society.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：B023.3;A811

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