明清山东移民研究

发布时间：2018-08-30 10:13

【摘要】：明清时期是中国移民史上一个重要的时期，很多学者将明清移民作为研究重点。从地区角度看，山东地区是明清移民运动最活跃的地区之一。明代山东省是国内最大的移民接纳区之一，移民来自山西、河南、东北等多个地区。同时，山东本地人口也大量移民外省，为外省提供了丰富的劳动力，尤其是清代山东人民大量移民我国东北地区，形成了轰轰烈烈的闯关东潮。明清两代的移民运动基本上奠定了现代山东人的组成来源，而广大移民也对地区的经济、文化、社会生活等各个方面产生了广泛的影响。明清时期的山东移民的产生有共同原因也有不同原因，共同原因有以下两点，一是战乱的破坏，导致人口的大量逃亡，人民流离失所。特别是两朝在建立过程中经历的战争，以及明初期的靖难之役。在这些战争中山东地区都是主要战场，战争双方反复争夺，使山东地区遭到了严重的破坏，民生凋敝，导致了山东人口的大量流失；二是自然灾害的破坏，山东地区在明清两代自然灾害频发，干旱、洪涝、地震等灾害一旦发生，农民往往颗粒无收，引发难民潮。战乱和自然灾害引发了国内各地区之间人口和经济发展的不平衡，政府在这种状况下在政策上积极的干预，组织移民，从人口稠密的省区组织移民迁往人口稀少的省份，以帮助人口稀少地区恢复生产。明代主要表现在政府组织山西、河南等省的大量人口移民山东，完成山东地区战后的重建；清代主要表现在为了平衡东北地区人口，积极招徕山东人口到东北地区移民垦殖，开发人烟稀少的东北地区。而具体到明清两代不同时期，不同朝代背景下，存在着不同的社会状况和地区状况，各统治者的移民政策也有所变化，也是引发山东移民运动发展变化的因素。本文旨在通过对明清时期山东地区移民活动的表现和原因的分析，总结出明清时期山东移民的特点和影响。总体上看，明代山东移民运动突出表现在大量的外省移民迁入山东，山东是主要的移民接纳区，移民多是政府行为下的被动移民；而清代，移民运动中山东人大量移民东北地区表现最为显著，迁往东北的移民来源在清初期主要是囚犯，清中后期主要是难民，随着难民数量的增加，主动移民逐渐占移民的多数。明清山东移民运动产生了广泛的影响，有积极的方面也有消极的方面，积极方面主要是移民为地区建设和经济发展做出了巨大贡献，尤其是明代山东地区经济的恢复和清代东北地区的开发。另外，移民运动促进了地区间的文化融合，有助于文化的多样性发展。消极影响主要表现在移民对土地的过度开发引发了生态问题，，不利于地区经济的长期稳定发展，对资源环境造成了一定的破坏。
[Abstract]:The Ming and Qing Dynasties was an important period in the history of Chinese immigration, and many scholars took the Ming and Qing immigration as their research focus. From the regional point of view, Shandong was one of the most active areas in the Ming and Qing immigration movement. The immigration movement of the Ming and Qing Dynasties basically laid the foundation of the modern Shandong people, and the vast number of immigrants also contributed to the local economy, culture and social life. All aspects have had a wide impact.
Shandong immigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties had two common and different reasons. One was the destruction of the war, which led to a large number of people fleeing and displacement. Repeated struggles between the two sides have caused serious damage to Shandong and depressed people's livelihood, resulting in a large number of population loss in Shandong; second, the destruction of natural disasters, natural disasters in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, drought, floods, earthquakes and other disasters in Shandong Province, once the occurrence of disasters, farmers often no harvest, triggering a wave of refugees. In order to help the sparsely populated areas resume production, the Ming Dynasty mainly manifested in the large number of migration in Shanxi, Henan and other provinces organized by the government. Min Shandong, completed the post-war reconstruction of Shandong; the Qing Dynasty mainly manifested in order to balance the population of the Northeast, actively recruit the population of Shandong to the Northeast to settle down and develop the sparsely populated Northeast. The immigration policy has also changed, and it is also a factor that triggering the development of Shandong's immigration movement.
Based on the analysis of the manifestations and causes of the immigration activities in Shandong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this paper summarizes the characteristics and influences of the immigration in Shandong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Zhongshan Easterners migrated to the northeast of China. The migrants were mainly prisoners in the early Qing Dynasty and refugees in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.
The immigration movement in Shandong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties had a wide range of influences, both positive and negative. The positive aspect was that immigrants made great contributions to regional construction and economic development, especially the economic recovery of Shandong in the Ming Dynasty and the development of Northeast China in the Qing Dynasty. The negative impact is mainly manifested in the over-exploitation of land by immigrants has caused ecological problems, which is not conducive to the long-term stable development of regional economy, and has caused certain damage to the resources and environment.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：C922

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