研究生 毕业论文

  本文关键词：我国失地农民社会保障体系研究——以川渝两地失地农民为研究对象，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

刁一玲：我国失地农民社会保障体系研究——以川渝两地失地农民为研究对象（2007届） 新闻中心 (阅读:3450次)

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　摘　　要

　　城市化是我国经济社会新一轮发展的突破口，是我国承接信息化、提升工业化、提前基本实现现代化的必然要求。而城市化的推进必然要占用大量耕地，必然会产生失地农民。在全面正式的农村社会保障体系尚难以建立的情况下，土地实际担负着农民基本的生活保障功能，具有无可替代的地位。因此，加快建立失地农民的社会保障体系意义重大，有利于维护社会稳定、完善社会保障制度、健全社会保障体系、扩大社会保障覆盖面，有利于消除城乡二元结构，统筹城乡经济社会发展，加快推进城乡一体化进程。文章主要通过对川渝两地失地农民情况的调查分析和研究，为建立失地农民社会保障体系做一些有益的探索。

　　主体部分遵循“提出问题-分析问题-解决问题”的基本思路，分为四大部分展开论述：

　　第一部分主要对农民失地问题进行厘清，指出农民失地与工业化、现代化的必然联系，并在此基础上分析失地农民产生的原因。首先指出失地农民的生存现状，其次在区分农民、失地农民的基础上，分析失地农民的特征，即身份的过渡性及“三无”的特点，指出失地农民是新的弱势群体，解决失地农民问题应该成为解决“三农”问题的重中之重。最后，辩证地对待农民失地现象，引用大量数据分析失地农民问题产生的种种原因，并指出由于中国尖锐的人地矛盾以及工业化、城市化的要求而导致农民失地的必然性，以及产生失地农民问题并非农民失地的必然结果的观点。

　　第二部分在回顾我国农地保障的历史以及比较现阶段各地对失地农民所采取的各种安置方式的前提下，阐述建立失地农民社会保障体系的必要性：即建立失地农民社会保障体系是替代土地保障功能的合理选择；有利于加快农民向城镇居民的转变，推进城市化进程；有利于扩大社会保障网，增强社会保障的调节功能，为最终实现城乡社会保障一体化奠定基础。总的来说，建立健全失地农民社会保障问题是解决失地农民问题的基础性工程。然后，分析我国失地农民的社会保障及就业现状，指出失地农民社会保障体系需要社会保障与就业统筹考虑，这是实现失地农民可持续发展，顺利实现农村城市化、农民市民化的重要保证。

　　在历史、现实与理论的分析之后，第三部分直接引用大量数据资料，对四川、重庆两地针对失地农民而采取的安置模式和一些政策措施作基本介绍和成效分析。通过比较，认为政府的重视和支持是建立失地农民社会保障体系的重要保证。另外，建立失地农民社会保障体系需要因地制宜逐步推进，其“有利于探索和积累经验，也有利于减缓政府一次性投入过多资金所产生的财政压力”。

　　第四部分为全文的重点，，对如何建立失地农民社会保障体系进行系统阐述。

　　首先准确把握建立失地农民社会保障体系的指导思想：公平优先，兼顾效率；城乡一体、有机兼容，把建立失地农民社会保障制度作为社会保障城乡一体化的突破口；完善制度、严格执法、因地制宜、逐步推进。

　　其次，在上述原则的指导下选择失地农民社会保障体系的模式：即保障水平介于城乡现有制度之间、政府主导型的社会保障体系，这既是社会保障的内在要求，也是城市化发展的根本体现，它具有理论与现实的双重意义。由于我国失地农民社会保障体系的构建滞后于就业制度的变革，失地农民常以自我保障为主，保险观念普遍淡薄，保障效果不理想。在现行户籍制度和征地制度下，农民的失地完全是被动行为，属于社会风险，直接将失地农民纳入城镇社会保障体系并不能够很好的解决问题，而不考虑失地农民的特殊性继续将其留在农村制度体系内，也无法有效地维护其合法权益。在制度设计中，对失地农民社会保障体系的主体、社会保障基金及社会保障类型提出了自己的见解，认为被保障对象包括保养人员、剩余劳动力及被抚养人三类；在社保基金来源上，必须进一步完善资金的筹措机制，坚持社会统筹与个人账户相结合的原则，采取政府、集体和个人三方负担的方式建立失地农民社会保障基金；而失地农民社会保障基金管理机构应当与经营机构分开设置，建立强制性的准政府性质的社会保障资金管理机构，将资金委托商业银行管理，多家竞争性的管理公司专门负责社会保障资金的保值增值，并且实行统筹基金和个人账户相结合省县两级运营、分账管理的分级运营机制，降低成本，增大基金的抗风险能力，以确保基金安全。在保障类型上，应当建立全方位的包括养老保障、最低生活保障、医疗保障和失业保障在内的失地农民社会保障体系；而这四项内容应当是依次进行，逐步建立。

　　再次，作为统筹考虑的就业服务制度建设，强化地方政府的就业引导功能是建立失地农民政府主导型社会保障的关键所在。与失地农民失业保险制度相对应，失地农民的就业服务对象主要是指已满16周岁以上的尚未丧失劳动能力的剩余劳动力。其中，在条件允许的情况下还应当尤其关注女性的就业。确定了服务对象后，提出三点建议并作简要阐述：为失地农民的非正规就业提供必要的法规政策保障；将失地农民就业纳入政府就业计划；探索建立失地农民创业支持体系。

　　最后，就失地农民的家庭保障和必要的法律援助作特别说明，认为在关注失地农民社会保障体系建立健全的同时，也不能忽视家庭保障的重要作用，从长远的战略意义上说，“重视家庭的价值，强化家庭的凝聚力，充分发挥家庭作为社会资源再分配的基本单元的功能，应该是发展和健全我国社会保障体系永远的不能动摇的基点”。而必要的法律援助，则是基于现行法律在对我国农民权益保障方面的规定实际操作相对较差的情况所作的考虑。

　　关键词：城市化；失地农民；安置；社会保障；就业

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Abstract

　　Urbanization is a new round of economic and social development, the inevitable requirement of receiving information, enhancing industrialization and basically realizing modernization ahead. With the quickening urbanization process of our country making rural land acquisition larger and larger in area, the problems about landless peasants become outstanding day by day. Under the situation that a formal system of rural social security is still difficult to build, the land does have the most essential function in fact for ensuring the life of a peasant, and so to have its non-fungible status. It is very important to speed up the rural social security system for the peasants who lost land in the land requisition, and it is also in favor of eliminating the urban-rural dualistic structure, making a whole plan for the development of urban-rural social economy, and quickening the urban-rural integration. Through the investigation of landless peasants in Sichuan and Chongqing, we try to do some helpful exploration for establishing a social security system of landless peasants.

　　The main part of article describes the establishment of the social security system for landless peasants, followed the basic ideas of "question-analytical problem-solving".

　　On the first part, we point out the survival status of landless peasants at first. Second, on the basis of the distinction between farmers and landless peasants, we analyze the characteristics of landless peasants to point out that this is a new vulnerable group, solving the problem of landless peasants should be the highest priority in "three rural" issue. Finally, treat landless peasants dialectically. Under a lot of data analysis for various reasons, we conclude the view that because of the sharp contradictions between human and land, and with the request of China's industrialization and urbanization, farmers lose their land inevitably, and also we know that the problem of landless peasants is not the inevitable outcome of the farmers losing their land.

　　On the second part, in reviewing of the history of protect agricultural land in our country, and around a comparison of the various resettlement of landless farmers, we explained the necessity of establishing a social security system for landless peasants: it is a reasonable choice for alternative land security function; It would also help accelerate the transformation from peasants to urban residents and promote the process of urbanization; it could be conducive to expanding the social safety net, strengthen the regulatory functions of social security, to lay the foundation for the eventual realization of the integration of urban-rural social security. Overall, establish a sound social security for landless peasants is the basis project to solve the problem. And then under the analysis of the social security and employment situation of landless peasants, we concluded that considering the social security and employment for landless peasants together would be the most important guarantee to bring sustainable development of them and rural urbanization into reality.

　　After the analysis of the history, reality and theory about landless peasants, we quoted a large number of data directly aimed to introduce and analyze the basic situation and the results of resettlement policy about Sichuan and Chongqing models on the third part of the paper. By comparison, we know that the government’s attention and support take a significant part in the establishment of the social security system of landless peasants. In addition, the system needs to establish step-by-step. Its conducive to not only accumulate experience, but also reduce the financial pressure.

　　The full text of part four of the focus on how to establish the social security system of landless peasants systematically explained.

　　First, grasp the guiding ideology on establishing the social security system for landless peasants accurately. Fair priorities, taking into consideration efficiency, integrated urban and rural areas, organic compatibility, as it is a breakthrough of the establishment of the integration of the social security system. And perfect the system, strictly enforcing conditions, developing step-by-step in accordance with the principle of locality difference, combine social pooling and individual accounts.

　　Second, choose the model under the guidance of the principles of the social security system: Because our social security system of landless peasants lagged behind changes in the employment system, they often lack of the concept of insurance under self-protection.

　　Under the existing land requisition system and the household registration system, the landless peasants are completely passive as social risk. Directly put them into urban social security system is not a good solution to the problem. Therefore constructing a government-dominated social security system is an inherent requirement of social security, the fundamental expression of urban development, it has a double meaning in theory and in reality. In my opinion, the support staff was of three including maintenance, surplus labor and dependents. Basic social security items as retirement insurance, basic life insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance should be established comprehensively and gradually.

　　Moreover, the key to the government-dominated social security for landless peasants is to strengthen employment guidance functions of the local government. Corresponding to the unemployment insurance system for landless peasants, the main objects are over 16 years of age and older who have not lost the ability to work called surplus labor. Besides, in the situation where conditions permit should pay particular attention to women’s employment. And then, briefly put forward three suggestions and illustrate: provide the necessary security regulations and policies for the informal employment of landless peasants. Put landless peasants into government’s employment arrangements. And explore to establish entrepreneurial support system .

　　At the end of the paper, there was a special assistance for the family support and the necessary legal protection. We must not overlook the family support meanwhile concerned the establishment of a sound social security system for landless peasants. From a long-term strategic sense, "family values and family cohesiveness give full play to the family as the basic unit of social redistribution of resources functions, it would always be the basic point to develop and improve the social security system in China". Another, the necessary legal assistance is considered under the situation of relatively poor operational about the protection of the rights and interests of peasants.

　　Key Words：urbanization; landless peasants; resettlement; social security; employment

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　目　　录

引　　言 1

一、问题的提出 1

二、确定该论题的原因 1

第一部分　从农民失地到失地农民问题的产生 3

一、失地农民现状 3

二、农民、失地农民 4

（一）中国农民的界定 4

（二）中国意义上的失地农民 5

三、中国失地农民问题 5

（一）农民失地到失地农民问题产生 5

1、农民失地的必然性 5

2、产生失地农民问题的制度性原因 8

（二）失地农民问题对经济社会发展的影响 10

结论： 11

第二部分　建立失地农民社会保障体系是历史与现实的必然选择 12

一、我国失地农民社会保障概述 12

（一）我国农民土地保障历史回顾 12

（二）现有失地农民安置模式概述 12

二、建立失地农民社会保障体系是解决失地农民问题的现实选择 14

（一）建立失地农民社会保障体系的理论基础 14

1、社会保障及社会保障法的基本含义 14

2、社会保障的功能 15

（二）建立失地农民社会保障体系的必要性 15

三、失地农民社会保障及就业安置需统筹考虑 16

结论： 17

第三部分　基于川渝两地失地农民安置模式的实证分析 19

一、四川模式 19

（一）基本情况 19

（二）失地农民失业保险制度 19

（三）“失地农民进社保” 20

二、重庆模式 23

（一）基本情况 23

（二）“政府+保险公司+农民”三结合模式 23

（三）“以农就业”服务 25

（四）农转非就业培训基金 25

三、基于川渝两地失地农民安置模式的比较分析 26

结论： 27

第四部分　失地农民社会保障体系之构建 28

一、失地农民社会保障体系建立的指导思想 28

（一）我国社会保障立法的价值取向——公平优先，兼顾效率 28

（二）城乡一体、有机兼容，把建立失地农民社会保障制度作为社会保障城乡一体化的突破口 29

（三）完善制度、严格执法、因地制宜、逐步推进 29

二、失地农民社会保障模式选择 30

（一）建立保障水平介于城乡现有制度之间、政府主导的失地农民社会保障体系 30

（二）失地农民社会保障的制度安排 31

1、失地农民社会保障主体 31

2、失地农民社会保障基金 32

3、失地农民社会保障类型 33

三、失地农民就业服务制度建设 35

（一）强化地方政府的就业引导功能是建立失地农民政府主导型社会保障的关键所在 35

（二）就业服务对象 35

（三）失地农民就业服务的制度建议 35

1、为失地农民的非正规就业提供必要的法规政策保障 35

2、将失地农民就业纳入政府就业计划 36

3、探索建立失地农民创业支持体系 37

四、需要特别说明的问题 38

（一）不能忽视的家庭保障 38

（二）必要的法律援助 38

结　语 40

参考文献 41

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  本文关键词：我国失地农民社会保障体系研究——以川渝两地失地农民为研究对象，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。