青春期自主性和联结性的发展及其与社会适应的关系

发布时间：2018-04-04 11:49

本文选题：自主性联结性　切入点：社会适应　出处：《华东师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：长久以来,从精神分析到进化心理学,不同的心理学理论大多都把自主性和联结性视为人类的基本心理需求。青春期是个体生理、认知、情感和行为发生显著变化的一个阶段,青少年开始更多地关注自身的思想、情感、需要和尊严等,同时在人际交往上也出现一些新的变化,同伴关系在他们的生活里日益重要。由于这些变化,青春期个体的自主性和联结性在性质、内容、表现方式上都呈现出与以往显著不同的特点。根据国内外自主性和联结性的研究现状,本研究旨在探讨：(1)东方文化背景下成长起来的青少年,什么样的自主和联结水平才可能是比较理想的、适应性的发展状态?(2)自主和联结的发展水平会受到哪些内外部因素的影响?(3)自主和联结水平对各种发展结果会产生怎样的效应和作用?(4)在不同的成长阶段青少年自主和联结水平的发展变化以及之间的相互作用如何。本研究以初一、初三和高二年级的学生为被试,采用问卷调查、观察、访谈、主题分析和实验等多种方法,试图对青春期个体自主性、联结性进行动态的整合考察。青少年自主性和联结性的发展研究结果表明,每个年级的发展各有其特色：初一年级行为自主水平和联结程度都是最高,而情绪自主水平最低,同时高自治高联结类别所占比例最大；初三年级行为自主、认知自主以及联结程度都最低,而情绪自主水平最高,同时这个年级以低自主低联结类型为主；高二年级学生认知自主达到最高水平,并以个体化型居多。此外,青少年自主水平的性别差异并不明显,但在联结水平方面女生的联结水平显著高于男生,同时男生更多地属于个体化类型,女生更多地属于高自治高联结类型。结合聚类分析以及作文分析的结果可以看出,高自治高联结、低自主低联结和个体化这三种类别的特点分别是：高自治高联结型的青少年,其行为自主和人际联结的水平最高,情绪自主的水平最低,在亲子冲突中会更多地强调亲密、爱的情感联结,重视与父母、他人的和睦相处。低自主低联结型的个体不仅行为自主和认知自主的水平最低,而且与周围他人的联结水平也是最低,这类个体在亲子冲突中较少表达自身对自主的渴望或是对亲密人际关系的需求。与前两种自主-联结类型相比较,个体化型的青少年往往更多地拥有自身独立的观点和判断准则,他们的认知自主、情绪自主水平都最高,在亲子冲突中更多表现出对自主的需求或强调与父母的分歧。青少年自主性和联结性与各种发展结果变量之间的关系分析表明,自主性、联结性不仅能够分别预测这些发展结果,同时这两者结合形成的三种类别也具有类似的预测功能。其中,行为自主、联结性都能正向预测各种发展结果的理想与否,情绪自主的水平对这些发展结果则具有反向预测功能；高自治高联结者的心理健康水平最高、社会适应性和学习成绩也最好,而低自主低联结者的心理健康水平、社会适应性和学习成绩都最为糟糕,且这种类别间的适应差异在三个年级中情况相似。此外,青少年的行为自主水平能够正向预测学习成绩,而认知自主、情绪自主和联结水平均未对学习成绩产生显著影响。对影响青少年自主性和联结性的因素进行分析,本研究发现除年龄和性别之外,气质和认知活动特点也是重要的个人影响因素。首先,气质五个维度中努力控制的影响、作用最为突出,它不仅能正向预测青少年的行为自主和联结水平,而且能反向预测情绪自主；亲和性对认知自主、联结性具有正向预测作用,负性情感则能够正向预测情绪自主、反向预测联结性。其次,就认知特点来看,青少年能否从对方角度去认识和理解分歧事件,是影响他们自主性、联结性的另一重要因素。高自治高联结者往往具有较强的移情和观点采择能力,能更多地站在父母角度认识问题,真正理解并接受父母的观点和行为；低自主低联结者虽然也能认识到父母行为的原因,但却很少从内心真正接受这些做法；个体化类型的青少年在冲突中更多地表现出对自己内心需求和梦想的重视,或是强调父母对自己的不理解、与父母的分歧,因而较少从父母角度思考问题。本研究发现,亲子沟通和父母控制是影响青少年自主性和联结性的家庭环境因素。在亲子沟通方面,高自治高联结者的父母会比低自主低联结者的父母进行更有效的亲子沟通,两者的沟通内容和沟通技巧都有显著不同。从沟通内容来看,前者对孩子的发展情况了解相对全面,后者则把关注重心放在孩子学习上而缺乏其它方面的交流。在沟通技巧和方法方面,前者在制定规则的沟通过程中能更多运用有助于促进自主和联结的方法,如在沟通过程中给孩子讲道理、协商式征求孩子的意见、表现出对孩子的同感和移情等。相比之下,低自主低联结类型的父母会更多地运用抑制自主和联结的方法,如回避分歧、武断否定孩子的想法和意见等,同时较少采用促进自主和联结的方法。有关父母控制的问卷调查结果显示,高自治高联结类型青少年的父母,往往能够给孩子提供相对较为宽松的学习和生活环境,在闲暇时间的安排、零用钱的使用、个人事务等方面更多由孩子自己决定,父母控制的程度最低,个体化类型次之,低自主低联结型个体的父母对孩子的控制程度最高。综观六个研究的结果,可以发现自主和联结之间存在着一定的关联,且这种关联随年龄而变。首先,自主和联结之间的相关分析和回归分析表明,青少年的联结性与自主各维度之间存在显著相关,其中行为自主、认知自主能够正向预测联结性,情绪自主则反向预测联结性。同时,就自主和联结的相互作用、相互影响来看,虽然亲子联结在不同受控条件对主观感受的影响方面并未发挥显著的调节效应,并且母亲指定条件下个体的主观感受也未因亲子联结水平的高低出现显著差异,但联结性在行为自主、情绪自主与社会适应的关系之间却存在显著的中介效应。其次,这两者的关联随年龄而变化,当青少年与重要他人的分离处于最高水平、与周围环境和他人的联结性或关系感处于最低状态时,他们自治性自主的水平同样处于谷底；而如果与他人、与环境分离的状态有所缓和时,他们的自治性自主水平又会走出低谷呈现上扬态势。由此似乎可以推断,在强调人际关系、联结性的集体主义文化中,如果分离-个体化过程是每个青少年必须经历的成长阶段,并且自主需求产生于这个过程,那么理想的自主性发展应是在维持与重要他人、周围环境一定程度的联结性背景下进行,而不是完全脱离父母的束缚和控制。
[Abstract]:For a long time , from psychoanalytic to evolutionary psychology , most of the different psychological theories regard autonomy and connectability as the basic psychological needs of human beings . The adolescence is a stage of the significant change in individual physiology , cognition , emotion and behavior .

The aim of this study is to explore the effects and roles of self - reliance and the level of association on the development of adolescent autonomy and association in different growth stages .

The results of the development of adolescent ' s autonomy and connectivity show that the development of each grade has its own characteristics : the level of autonomy and the degree of association are the highest in the first grade , while the level of emotion autonomy is the lowest , while the proportion of the high - autonomous high - association category is the largest .
In the first three years , the behavioral autonomy , cognitive autonomy and the degree of association are the lowest , while the level of emotion autonomy is the highest , while the grade is dominated by low self - low coupling type ;
In the second year , the students ' cognitive autonomy reached the highest level and more individualized . In addition , there was no obvious gender difference between the students ' autonomy level , but the level of the female students was significantly higher than that of the boys in the connection level , while the boys were more of the individual types , and the girls belonged to the high self - autonomous high connection type .

According to the results of cluster analysis and composition analysis , it can be seen that the three categories of high self - governance , low self - linking , and individualizing are the highest levels of self - independence and interpersonal association , and the lowest level of emotional autonomy .

The relationship between the autonomy and the association of the teen - agers and the variables of the various development results shows that the autonomy and the coupling can not only predict these development results , but also have similar prediction functions in combination with the three categories .
The level of mental health , social adaptability and academic achievement of high self - government and high - self - linking persons are the best , while the mental health level , social adaptability and academic achievement of the low - autonomous low - link are the worst , and the adaptation difference among these categories is similar in the three grades . In addition , the behavior autonomy level of the adolescents can positively predict the learning achievement , while the cognitive autonomy , the emotion autonomy and the connection level have no significant influence on the learning achievement .

The study found that the characteristics of temperament and cognitive activities were also important factors besides age and sex . First , the influence of effort control in the five dimensions of temperament was the most prominent , which not only can positively predict the behavior autonomy and the link level of the adolescents , but also can predict the emotion autonomy in the reverse direction .
Secondly , from the perspective of cognitive characteristics , it is another important factor that affects their autonomy and connectivity . Secondly , in terms of cognitive characteristics , it is another important factor that affects their autonomy and connectivity .
Low - level , low - link couples , while also aware of the causes of parental behavior , rarely truly accept these practices from the heart ;
Individual types of adolescents show more emphasis on their inner needs and dreams in the conflict , or emphasize their lack of understanding of their own , their differences with their parents , and thus less from the perspective of their parents .

This study shows that parent - child communication and parental control are family environmental factors that influence the autonomy and connectivity of adolescents . In terms of parent - child communication , parents of high - autonomy high - autonomy couples can communicate more effectively with their parents .

At the same time , the correlation analysis and regression analysis between autonomy and association show that there is a significant correlation between autonomy and self - determination . At the same time , there is a significant mediating effect between self - determination and self - determination .
If separate - individual processes are the developmental stages that each teenager must experience , and the independent demand arises in this process , the ideal autonomy should be carried out in the context of maintaining a certain degree of connection with other people and the surrounding environment , rather than being completely divorced from the restraint and control of the parents .

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C913.5

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