从个体悲剧到大众灾难—个体反社会极端事件的形成逻辑研究

发布时间：2018-04-24 11:39

本文选题：反社会 + 极端事件　；参考：《南京大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：改革开放以来,我国经济发展取得了显著成绩。然而,在经济高速发展的同时,各类社会问题层出不穷,社会不稳定因素日益增加,社会矛盾不断激化。最典型的表现就是近些年来,各种群体性事件和个体反社会极端事件大量发生和曝光。相比群体性事件,个体反社会极端事件所带来的破坏性程度和社会伤害甚至更大,个体反社会极端事件的频发已经成为社会关注的焦点问题。所谓个体反社会极端事件是指个体因利益受损或遭受挫折,为宣泄心中不满和怨恨,实施的针对不特定对象、目标泛化、甚至整个社会的,手段极端、残忍,造成严重社会伤害和恶劣影响的犯罪事件。通过分析自2001年以来媒体公开报道的21个典型案例,笔者发现,个体反社会极端事件的行为主体人主要来自社会底层,工作不稳定、生活艰辛。这类事件往往具有突发性,难以预防,个体反社会极端行为主要是宣泄性的和报复性的,为了发泄心中怨愤和不满。行为人的行动目标不再局限于某一具体的对象,而是已经泛化为某一类人群甚至整个社会大众。因此,个体反社会极端事件的发生实际上是一个从个体悲剧演变为大众灾难的过程。个体反社会极端事件形成的逻辑起点在于个体悲剧：个体受到利益和情感的双重伤害。当个体遭受伤害时,部分人会采取制度化的措施争取自己的权益,而结果却没有成功,还有部分人直接放弃制度化路径,但不管哪种情况都说明对于这类群体而言,制度化利益诉求路径行不通。这种情况下,制度外的方式则成为了唯一选择。然而,制度外的方式也并不是对所有人都行之有效。“闹”作为一种常见的较为有效的制度外维权方式,对于个体反社会极端事件的行为人而言则处于失灵状态。“闹”的核心要件是资源动员的能力,而他们显然是不具备这种能力的。当这些本身就具有人格障碍的个体,长期遭受挫折和伤害又得不到社会足够的支持和关怀时,人生的希望逐渐破灭,发泄和报复社会则成了他们的共同选择。在分析个体反社会极端行为时,人们很容易将其归结为各种各样的个人原因,但事实上,社会结构性、文化性的问题才是个体反社会极端行为的深层次逻辑。从这个层面来讲,社会转型期,社会结构分化,不同阶层、群体间的差距被不断拉大,同时社会阶层固化,社会阶层之间的流动受阻。社会利益分配机制、社会利益保障机制、社会矛盾化解机制等机制不健全,我国社会已经进入了社会矛盾与冲突的高发期。我国的主流文化传统鼓励志存高远,从小树立远大理想,然而现实社会结构并不为每个人的远大理想买账,因此,受挫成为了一种必然。这种背景下,社会怨恨情绪弥漫,社会信任危机重重。社会阶层的分化与固化、体制性迟钝、信任危机等折射出来的社会支持的不足致使一部分群体被永久地抛弃在社会结构之外。我国文化中素有“报仇雪恨”的仇恨文化基因,当个体被社会抛弃和伤害而陷入绝望,报复社会则成为了他们最后的疯狂。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, the economic development of our country has made remarkable achievements. However, at the same time of rapid economic development, various social problems emerge in endlessly, social instability is increasing and social contradictions are constantly intensifying. The most typical manifestation is that in recent years, a variety of groups and individual antisocial extreme events have taken place and exposed. Compared to the group events, the destructive degree and social injury caused by the individual anti social extreme events are even greater. The frequent occurrence of individual antisocial extreme events has become the focus of social concern. The so-called individual antisocial extreme events refer to the injure and resentment of the individual because of the damage or frustration of the individual. By analyzing the 21 typical cases of serious social injury and bad influence, the author finds that the main body of individual anti social extreme events mainly comes from the bottom of the society, and the work is unstable. These events are often sudden and difficult to prevent. The individual anti social extremes are mainly venting and retaliatory, in order to vent their resentment and dissatisfaction. The action targets of the actor are no longer limited to a specific object, but have been generalized to a certain group of people and even the whole society. Therefore, individual antisocial The occurrence of extreme events is actually a process from individual tragedy to mass disaster. The logical starting point of the formation of individual antisocial extreme events lies in the individual tragedy: the individual is injured by both interests and emotions. When the individual is hurt, some people will take institutionalized measures to gain their rights and interests, but the result is not. There are some people who give up the path of institutionalization directly, but in any case, the path of institutionalized interest demands is not feasible for these groups. In this case, the way outside the system is the only choice. However, the way outside the system is not effective for all. "Noise" is a common comparison. For the effective way of safeguarding the rights outside the institution, it is in a state of failure for the actor of the individual anti social extreme events. The core element of the "noise" is the ability to mobilize resources, and they obviously do not have this ability. In support and care, the hope of life gradually disillusioned, and venting and retaliation society is their common choice. In the analysis of individual antisocial extreme behavior, it is easy to attribute it to a variety of individual reasons, but in fact, the social structural and cultural questions are the deep logic of the individual antisocial extreme behavior. At this level, the social transformation period, the social structure differentiation, the different stratum and the group gap have been widened, and the social stratum solidified, the social stratum is obstructed. The mechanism of social interests distribution, the social benefits guarantee mechanism, the social contradiction mechanism and so on is not perfect, our society has entered the social contradiction and impulse. The mainstream cultural tradition of our country encourages lofty ideals and lofty ideals. However, the real social structure does not pay for the great ideals of everyone. Therefore, the frustration becomes a necessity. In this context, the social resentment is diffused, the social trust is dangerous. The social stratum is differentiated and solidified, and the system is slow. The lack of social support such as the crisis of trust causes some groups to be permanently abandoned outside the social structure. In our culture, there is a hatred culture gene of "revenge and hatred". When the individual is abandoned and hurt by the society, it is hopelessness, and retaliating society becomes his last madness.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：C912.6

【参考文献】