努力对机会不平等的影响:测度与比较

发布时间：2018-05-07 03:30

本文选题：环境 + 努力　；参考：《经济研究》2017年03期

【摘要】：本文致力于检验当全体居民的努力提高之后,由外部环境差异导致的收入分配机会不平等能否显著降低,从而回答"努力能否改变命运"的问题。具体而言,本文将CGSS样本按出生年代划分为"50后"、"60后"、"70后"和"80后"四个群体,采用基于随机参数Logit模型的倾向得分匹配方法(PSM),构造所有个体均付出最高努力时的"反事实"收入分布,测算并比较实际收入分布和"反事实"收入分布的机会不平等指数,从而检验努力提高能否改善收入分配的机会不平等程度。结果显示,四个出生年代居民的收入分配机会不平等占比达到35%-43%;当所有个体的努力达到最高程度时,"50后"居民的收入分配机会不平等仅降低4.98%,"60后"和"70后"居民机会不平等的降幅高达50%左右,而"80后"居民机会不平等则降低22%;优势和劣势环境群体因努力程度提高而实现的收入增长幅度不同,是不同出生年代机会不平等指数降幅存在明显差异的原因。本文认为,政府应致力于弱化外部环境的影响,提高努力的回报,对因外部环境不利而陷入贫困的居民进行重点救助,为弱势群体通过努力改变命运创建足够的平台和畅通的渠道。
[Abstract]:This paper tries to test whether the inequality of income distribution opportunities caused by the difference of external environment can be significantly reduced after the efforts of the whole population are raised, thus answering the question of "whether efforts can change fate". Specifically, according to birth age, CGSS samples were divided into four groups: "after 50", "after 60", "after 70" and "after 80". The tendency score matching method based on stochastic parameter Logit model is used to construct the "counterfactual" income distribution when all individuals make the highest effort, and to calculate and compare the opportunity inequality index between the actual income distribution and the "counterfactual" income distribution. This tests the degree of inequality of opportunities that can be improved by efforts to improve income distribution. The results show that The share of inequality in income distribution opportunities of residents in the four birthdays was 35-433.When the efforts of all individuals reached the highest level, the inequality of income distribution opportunities of the "post-50" residents only decreased by 4.98%, and that of the "post-60" and "post-70" residents was only reduced by 4.98%, and that of the "post-60s" and "post-70s" residents was reduced by only 4.98%. The decline was as high as 50%. The inequality of opportunity of the "post-80s" residents is reduced by 22%, and the difference of income growth rate between the superior and inferior groups due to the improvement of the degree of effort is the reason for the obvious difference in the decline of the inequality index of opportunity in different birth years. This paper argues that the government should make efforts to weaken the impact of the external environment, increase the return of efforts, and give priority relief to the residents who have fallen into poverty because of the adverse external environment. Create sufficient platforms and open channels for vulnerable groups to work to change their destiny.
【作者单位】：武汉大学经济与管理学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金重大项目(15ZDB158) 国家自科基金面上项目(71573194);国家自科基金青年项目(71203167)的资助
【分类号】：C913

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