武陵山区生态退变的社会文化成因及对策研究

发布时间：2018-05-29 04:21

本文选题：生态退变 + 资源利用方式　；参考：《吉首大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：二十世纪以来。我们的生态环境逐步恶化,“人地关系”趋于紧张,并成为社会各界的热门话题。尤其是进入当代,在全国范围内都普遍出现生态退变现象,严重影响了人类的生产生活。倘若置之不理,任由其演变,人类的可持续发展必将受到严峻地挑战。在这一大背景下,武陵山区也未曾幸免,同样暴露出诸多生态问题。其主要表现为生态灾害频繁出现,生物多样性锐减,农业生产受阻,土地生产力降低等诸多方面。对于这些生态退变现象成因的分析,当代学人各执一说,有的学者习惯于指认,人口的增长必然成为生态退变的直接原因,特别是人口增长后的过牧、过樵、过垦等对自然生态系统的危害极大;当然,也有不少学者认为社会的破坏性,比如战争对生态退变的负作用更大。然而,生态系统的变迁,通常都是一个缓慢演进的积累过程,原因在于,生态系统所涉及到的物质和能量规模都极为庞大,人类在一时一地的干扰并不足以撼动生态系统的稳定,只有在文化与生态的协同演变下,资源利用方式与当地所属的自然与生态系统不相兼容后,经过长期地积累后才能引发生态系统的退变。武陵山区既是自然与生态结构的过渡带,也是不同民族文化分布之间的过渡带,因而,武陵山区既与内地存在着明显的差异,同时又与云贵高原腹地存在着一定的差别,历代王朝在统辖这一地区时,也就不得不采取互有区别的社会经济策略。政策的出台,事关当地各族居民社会生活的方方面面,包括人口的流动,产业结构的调整,社会管理制度的推陈出新等,最直接的就是对资源利用方式具有明显的导向作用。而当今的生态事实却告诉我们,当前的资源利用方式明显适当,否则就不可能暴露出如此多的生态灾害。幸运的是,“改土归流”后,这一地区发生了重大社会变迁,那就是各级行政部门陆续编纂了地方文献,从而使得很多历史问题可以得到系统地反映。其中,这一地区在不同时期陆续编纂了多套府志和县志,尤其是里面的“物产”分志,全面地记录了人们在特定时期下的生产生活状况,包括农业、林业、工业以及其它副产品经营情况,系统反应了同一时空场域下人类生产活动与所处自然与生态系统的互动关系。如果对其进行系统的解读,集中聚焦于资源利用方式与所处的自然与生态系统是否相互兼容,相互适应,就能发现导致生态退变的社会文化成因。因此,以史为鉴,重建人与自然的和谐关系才是化解生态问题的正确做法。在“生态文明”建设已经成为既定国策的今天,同时随着武陵山区生态功能区(水土保持,生物多样性)地位的确立,武陵山地区的生态恢复和生态保护将直接关系到国家的生态安全。有鉴于此,重新审视武陵山区传统生计方式,取准于历史上稳定的文化与生态的结构,从中必然可以选取当代生态建设的优化目标、手段、路径,并能在当地各民族的传统知识和技能中,筛选出有用的生态修复和生态维护的手段和方法。吸取历史上的教训,针对性的防范生态灾变的发生,对当地政府在武陵山区实施的各项政策的利弊得失做出准确评估,同时也可以为当代的决策提供借鉴和参考。
[Abstract]:Since twentieth Century, our ecological environment has gradually deteriorated, the "human land relationship" tends to be tense, and has become a hot topic of all walks of life. Especially in the contemporary era, the phenomenon of ecological degeneration is generally appeared throughout the country, which seriously affects human production and life. If it is ignored and let it evolve, the sustainable development of mankind will be sure. Under this big background, the mountain area of Wuling has not been escaped, and many ecological problems have been exposed. The main manifestations are the frequent occurrence of ecological disasters, the sharp decline in biodiversity, the hindrance of agricultural production and the decrease of the productivity of the land. Some scholars are accustomed to recognizing that the growth of the population will inevitably become a direct cause of ecological degeneration, especially the overgrazing, overgrazing, and reclamation of the population after the population growth, and many scholars believe that the society is destructive, such as the greater negative effect of war on ecological degeneration. It is often a process of accumulation of slow evolution, because the scale of the material and energy involved in the ecosystem is very large, and the interference of human being at the moment is not enough to shake the stability of the ecosystem. Only in the evolution of culture and ecology, the use of resources is not compatible with the natural and ecological system of the local area. After a long period of accumulation, it can lead to the degeneration of the ecosystem. The mountain area of Wuling is not only a transitional zone between nature and ecological structure, but also a transitional zone between different ethnic cultural distribution. Therefore, there are obvious differences between the Wuling mountains and the mainland, and there are some differences with the original hinterland of Yun Guigao, and the dynasties of the past dynasties are governed by the dynasties. In this area, we have to adopt different social and economic strategies, which are related to all aspects of the social life of the local residents, including the flow of the population, the adjustment of the industrial structure, the development of the social management system and so on. The most direct way is to have a clear guiding role in the use of resources. The ecological facts tell us that the current way of resource utilization is obviously appropriate, otherwise it will not be possible to expose so many ecological disasters. Fortunately, the region has undergone major social changes after "changing soil and returning to the flow", that is, the administrative departments at all levels have compiled local documents in succession so that many historical problems can be obtained system. In this area, the region has compiled many sets of mansion and county records in different periods, especially the "property" in the area, which comprehensively records the production and living conditions of people in a specific period, including agriculture, forestry, industry and other by-products, and systematically responds to human production activities in the same space and time field. The interaction between natural and ecological systems, if a systematic interpretation of it, focusing on the compatibility of resource utilization and natural and ecological systems to each other, can be found to cause the social and cultural causes of ecological degeneration. Therefore, to reconstruct the harmonious relationship between human and nature is to resolve the ecological relationship. At the same time, with the establishment of the ecological function area (soil and water conservation, biodiversity) status in the Wuling mountain area, the ecological restoration and ecological protection of the Wuling mountain area will directly affect the national safety of the state. In view of this, the traditional students in the Wuling mountain area are re examined. According to the cultural and ecological structure which is stable in history, it is inevitable to select the optimization objectives, means and paths of contemporary ecological construction, and to select the useful means and methods of ecological restoration and ecological maintenance in the traditional knowledge and skills of the local ethnic groups. The occurrence of the catastrophe has made an accurate assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of various policies implemented by the local government in Wuling mountain area, and can also provide reference and reference for contemporary decision making.
【学位授予单位】：吉首大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：C912.4

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