1977-1978年欧加登战争与美国的反应及政策

发布时间：2018-02-01 01:47

本文关键词： 美国欧加登埃塞俄比亚索马里　出处：《陕西师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 非洲之角地处印度洋、红海和波斯湾交通要冲,有着极为重要的战略地位。欧加登地区原属索马里,但由于西方殖民国家的侵略,19世纪末成为埃塞俄比亚的领土,也因此形成了所谓的欧加登问题。欧加登战争是殖民地历史遗留问题在冷战背景下的产物,是冷战史中一个不容忽视的环节,因为它不仅夹杂着冷战、殖民、宗教、民族、边界等多重因素,还有苏联古巴的规模空前的军事干预,美国在战争中的政策非常值得研究。但国内至今还无比较详细的专题研究,而国外对此问题则成果颇丰。本文即希望依据美国最新解密的档案资料以及新近出版的苏联解密档案,并借鉴国外和国内的相关研究成果,对欧加登战争与美国的反应及政策做一初步探讨,以全面再现战争的历史进程,并窥探美国的冷战全球战略,进一步深化对冷战历史的研究。全文由前言、正文及结束语三部分组成,其中正文部分共分三部分。第一部分阐述了欧加登战争前美国对非洲之角的政策。1953年两个军事援助协议的签订确立了美国与埃塞俄比亚的军事援助关系,之后艾森豪威尔政府先后出台了NSC5615/1、NSC5903、NSC6028等一系列文件,把政策重心从埃塞俄比亚扩展为整个非洲之角,并开始强调意识形态和文化、信息的作用。美国在1964年欧加登冲突中拒绝援助埃塞俄比亚,之后却加大了援助力度。随着1969年西亚德上台及苏索的接近,美国又出台了NSSM 115号文件与Response to NSSM 115号文件。埃塞俄比亚1974年革命后,美埃关系开始恶化。第二部分分析论述了欧加登战争的进程及美国的反应及政策。欧加登战争全面爆发后不久美国便拒绝了之前对索马里的武器承诺,采取中立和武器禁运政策。尽管面对着苏联古巴的大规模军事干预,美国政府内部分别以布热津斯基和万斯为首的全球主义和地区主义之争日趋激烈,但卡特总统依然坚持长期战略,并采取多边外交行动促使战争和平解决。最终,没有美国援助的索马里不得不接受失败的命运,撤出了欧加登。第三部分是对美国在欧加登战争中政策的评析。美国在欧加登战争中的长期目标或者说根本目的是维持与埃塞俄比亚这一关键国家的关系,并消除苏联集团在非洲之角的影响,维护自己的战略利益。战争中美国的政策达到了一定目的,但是还远没有能够消除苏联集团的影响,美苏在非洲之角的冷战仍在继续。分析中可以看出美国在战争中的政策是美国大战略的具体体现,同时该政策也是美国对第三世界政策的组成部分,是卡特政府“以水灭火“战略的具体运用。文章最后总结了美国在战争中政策的两个特点,即对多边合作的高度重视和连续性。
[Abstract]:Located in the Indian Ocean, the Horn of Africa has an extremely important strategic position in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Ogaden region originally belonged to Somalia, but was invaded by Western colonial powers. In late 19th century it became Ethiopian territory, creating the so-called Ogaden issue. The Ogaden War is the product of colonial problems left over from the background of the Cold War and a link in the history of Cold War, because it is not only mixed with many factors such as cold war, colonization, religion, nationality, border, and so on. There is also the Soviet Union Cuba unprecedented military intervention, the United States policy in the war is very worthy of study, but so far there is no domestic more detailed thematic study. This paper hopes to use the newly declassified archives of the United States and the newly published Soviet declassified archives, and draw lessons from the relevant research results both at home and abroad. This paper makes a preliminary discussion on the reaction and policy between the Ogaden War and the United States in order to comprehensively reproduce the historical process of the war, and to probe into America's global strategy of the cold war, and to further deepen the study of the history of the cold war. The full text consists of three parts: preface, text and conclusion, in which the text is divided into three parts. The first part describes the policy of the United States towards the Horn of Africa before the Ogaden War. The signing of the two military aid agreements in 1953 established the military aid relationship between the United States and Ethiopia. After that, the Eisenhower administration issued a series of documents such as NSC5615 / 1 / NSC5903 / NSC6028, which expanded the focus of policy from Ethiopia to the entire Horn of Africa. And began to stress the role of ideology and culture and information. The United States refused to assist Ethiopia during the Ogaden conflict in 1964. Then it stepped up aid, with Siad taking power in 1969 and Soso approaching. The United States also issued NSSM 115 and Response to NSSM 115. After Ethiopia's 1974 revolution, relations between the United States and Egypt began to deteriorate. The second part analyzes the process of the Ogaden War and the reaction and policy of the United States. Shortly after the full outbreak of the Ogaden War, the United States rejected its previous arms commitments to Somalia. Adopting a policy of neutrality and arms embargo. Despite the massive military intervention by the Soviet Union and Cuba, the United States government, led by Brzezinski and Vance, respectively, has become increasingly fierce over globalism and regionalism. But President Carter stuck to his long-term strategy and took multilateral diplomatic action to bring about a peaceful resolution of the war. In the end, Somalia, without U.S. aid, had to accept the fate of failure and withdraw from Ogaden. The third part is the analysis of the American policy in the Ogaden War. The long-term goal of the United States in the Ogaden War or the fundamental purpose is to maintain the relationship with Ethiopia as a key country. And to eliminate the influence of the Soviet bloc in the Horn of Africa to safeguard their own strategic interests. In the war, the United States policy achieved a certain purpose, but still far from eliminating the influence of the Soviet bloc. The Cold War of the United States and Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa is still going on. The analysis shows that the policy of the United States in the war is the concrete embodiment of the United States' grand strategy, and at the same time, the policy is also a component part of the policy of the United States towards the third world. It is the concrete application of Carter Administration's strategy of "extinguishing fire by water". At last, the article summarizes two characteristics of American policy in war, that is, attaching great importance to multilateral cooperation and continuity.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D871.20

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