美国对萨尔瓦多政策研究：1979-1992

发布时间：2018-02-20 06:05

本文关键词： 美国萨尔瓦多对外政策游击队　出处：《陕西师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：萨尔瓦多是中美洲最小的国家。1979年7月尼加拉瓜桑地诺革命成功之后,其境内的游击队活动也进一步活跃起来,游击队和左派分子联合起来成立革命联盟,联合起来反对军政府统治,在游击队的强大攻势之下,萨政府摇摇欲坠。为了保住亲美的萨政府,防止游击队夺权建立亲苏政府,从卡特总统起,美国采取支持萨政府,在经济、军事、政治和外交上给予萨尔瓦多政府援助,帮助萨政府剿灭境内的游击队势力的政策。在卡特总统和里根总统时期,尽管美国人力支持萨尔瓦多政府打内战,但是由于种种原因,萨政府始终没能消灭其境内的游击队组织。在布什总统时期,随着冷战走向尾声,国际形势趋于缓和,美国开始支持谈判解决萨国内战问题,最终使游击队放下武器,加入到政府政治进程中,再次把萨尔瓦多纳入美国的战略秩序之中。目前,国内对这一问题的研究相对比较薄弱。本人试图就卡特、里根和布什三任总统对萨尔瓦多的政策进行较为全面、客观的分析和梳理,揭示美国支持萨尔瓦多政府内战的真实目的。本文由绪言、正文、结论组成,其中正文分为四个部分。绪言介绍了国内外学术界对本课题的研究现状,并概述了本文选题的学术价值和意义。正文：第一部分,主要概述了1979年之前萨尔瓦多的历史发展脉络和美国与萨尔瓦多的关系。作为一个中美洲小国,萨尔瓦多对于美国来说经济利益非常有限,除非发生政治动荡影响到美国的切身利益,美国才会关注。否则很少引起美国的关注,美国只是在政治上扶植亲美的军政府来维护自己的利益。尼加拉瓜革命之后,美国开始担心尼加拉瓜革命势头会蔓延到萨尔瓦多,不得人心的军政府统治会被游击队推翻,开始关注萨尔瓦多革命形势。第二部分,具体论述了卡特政府对萨尔瓦多的政策。在萨尔瓦多内战爆发之初,卡特实施“人权外交”政策,以终止军事援助为条件要挟军政府作出政治改革,进行人选,减少滥杀,通过这种方式缓解政府和人众之间紧张的关系,铲除游击队存在的士壤。当游击队实力日趋强人,内战愈演愈烈,萨政府无力招架之时,卡特政府意识到“人权外交”政策已经失败,便恢复了对政府的军事经济援助,积极帮助萨政府打内战。第三部分,具体论述了里根政府对萨尔瓦多的政策。里根上台之后,推出“低烈度战争”战略,在军事、经济、政治和外交等多方面支持萨尔瓦多政府,积极援助萨政府镇压游击队。但由于萨政府在里根政府的支持下拒绝与游击队和谈,游击队在农村仍有群众基础,里根政府未能实现剿灭游击队的目的。第四部分,具体论述了布什政府对萨尔瓦多的政策。布什上台之时,国际局势发生巨大变化,柏林墙倒塌,东欧剧变,冷战走向结束,苏联从中美洲地区战略收缩。布什政府借助这一有利形势,使用“和平、民主”的手段,推动政府和游击队和谈,迫使游击队放下武器,加入到现有的政治进程中。困扰美国12年之久的萨尔瓦多内战问题得到解决。第五部分,论述卡特、里根和布什政府对萨尔瓦多政策的异同及美国对萨尔瓦多政策的影响。笔者认为,在不同时期,美国的三任总统对萨尔瓦多的政策不尽相同,但目标是一致的。他们制定的对萨尔瓦多的政策都是为了维护美国的利益,维护美国在这一地区的霸权,防止萨尔瓦多出现有悖于美国价值观的政权。另外,美国对中美洲小国萨尔瓦多的过度关注,也对其外交环境产生不利的影响。造成美国与拉美国家关系的紧张,西欧国家也对美国过度关注萨尔瓦多不满。同时,萨尔瓦多问题也对美国国内政治产生一定的影响。
[Abstract]:Salvatore is the smallest country in America.1979 Nicaragua in July after the success of the Sandinista revolution, the guerrillas within the activities are more active, leftist guerrillas and unite the establishment of the Revolutionary Alliance, United against the military government, under the strong offensive guerrillas, the SA government tottered. In order to keep the pro american government SA to prevent the guerrillas to seize power, the establishment of a pro Soviet government, from President Carter, the United States to support the SA government in economic, military, political and diplomatic, to give Salvatore government aid to help domestic SA government destroy the guerrilla forces policy. President Carter and President Reagan, although the United States is human support for the Salvatore government to fight the civil war however, due to various reasons, the government failed to eliminate the guerrillas within the organization. In the period of Bush, with the cold war towards the end, international The situation is easing, the United States began to support negotiations to solve the problem in the end, the civil war, the guerrillas lay down their arms, to join the government's political process, again put Salvatore into America's strategic order. At present, the domestic research on this problem is relatively weak. The people trying to Carter, the three President Reagan and Bush policy Salvatore is more comprehensive, objective analysis and carding, revealing the real purpose of the United States to support the Salvatore administration's civil war.
This paper is composed of introduction, text, conclusion, the text is divided into four parts.
The preface introduces the domestic and foreign academic research on the status quo of this research, and summarizes the academic value and significance.
Text:
The first part mainly outlines the historical development of Salvatore before 1979 and America's relationship with Salvatore. As a small central Salvatore for the United States economic benefits is very limited, unless there is political unrest affect U.S. interests, the United States will concern. The United States is the political concern, supporting Pro the United States military government to safeguard their own interests in Nicaragua. After the revolution, the United States began to worry that Nicaragua revolution will spread to Salvatore, the military government will not enjoy popular support guerrillas to overthrow, Salvatore began to focus on the situation of the revolution.
The second part discusses the specific policies of the Carter administration to Salvatore. Salvatore at the beginning of the civil war, Carter implementation of the "human rights diplomacy" policy to end military aid to the military government to coerce conditions of political reform, for candidates, reduce the killing, ease the tension of the relationship between the government and the people in this way, the eradication of the guerrillas there is a taxi. When soil guerrillas strength is more powerful, the war intensified, the SA government unable to parry when the Carter government is aware of the "human rights diplomacy" policy has failed, he returned to the government's military and economic assistance, and actively help the government's civil war.
The third part discusses the specific policies of the Reagan administration to Salvatore. After Reagan took office, launched the "low intensity warfare" strategy, in the military, economic, political and diplomatic support and other aspects of the Salvatore administration, actively cooperate with the government to suppress guerrilla aid. But because the SA government refused to negotiate with the guerrillas in Reagan under the support of the government the guerrillas still have mass base in rural areas, the Reagan government failed to achieve the purpose of destroying guerrillas.
The fourth part discusses the specific policies of the Bush administration to Salvatore. When Bush came into power, great changes took place in the international situation, the collapse of the Berlin wall, toward the end of the cold war in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, from the Americas strategic contraction. The Bush administration with this favorable situation, the "peace and democracy" means, promote the government and the guerrilla talks, forced the guerillas to lay down their arms, to join the political process. The existing problems of American Civil War Salvatore 12 years has been resolved.
The fifth part discusses Carter, Reagan and Bush Salvatore on government policy and the similarities and differences of the policy of Salvatore's influence. The author believes that in the different period, the three president of the United States of Salvatore's policies are not the same, but the goal is the same. They worked on Salvatore's policy is to protect the interests of the United States. The maintenance of American hegemony in the region, to prevent the Salvatore regime contrary to American values.
In addition, the United States of America small country Salvatore's excessive attention, also have adverse effects on the environment caused by the United States. Its diplomatic relations with Latin American countries nervous, Western European countries to the United States concern over Salvatore's dissatisfaction with the Salvatore problem. At the same time, also have a certain impact on American domestic politics.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D871.2

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