英国承认新中国决策过程研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 15:08

本文选题：英国　切入点：承认　出处：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中英关系是新中国建国初期中国与西方国家关系当中比较特殊的存在。上世纪五十年代,中国官方常以"美英帝国主义"形容以美国和英国为首的资本主义国家对非资本主义国家的政策。但实际上,在新中国建国初期,英国对华政策与美国对华政策并不一致,尽管英国与美国保持对话与协商,但仍然存在比较大的分歧。英国的对华政策自成体系,循序渐进,是以本国的经济利益为基础,全面综合考虑各方因素的结果,这在承认新中国的决策制定方面表现得尤为突出。本文以英国外交文献(电报、信函、外交部报告等)为核心研究对象,档案文献主要来源于DBPO(英国海外文献数据库)中的《系列一·卷八:英国与中国,1945—1950》以及SAGE数据库中《英国外交部对华政策解密档案(1949-1956)》系列,辅以前人著述,以时间为线索,梳理英国选择承认新中国政府的前因后果。本文结构上分为三部分,第一部分为英国承认新中国需要考虑的因素,第二部分为英国做出承认新中国决定的渐进过程,第三部分为承认对英国在之后一系列问题上的态度所产生的影响。1948年下半年,中国共产党建立起华北人民政府,并迅速占领长江以北地区。此时,英国重新估计了中国的局势,展现出其现实主义的一面。英国在中国有大量侨胞与经贸团体,其每一步政策的调整都要以保护在华利益为核心。英国政策的现实主义特性还表现在制定政策时很少受到意识形态和价值判断因素的干扰。当时,国民党政府腐败低效令英国感到失望,英国预计中国共产党统一中国是不可逆转的局势,必须尽快与中国共产党取得联系以寻求保护其在华利益的可能,除此之外,英国判断中国共产党需要西方国家的经济援助与支持,短期内不可能没收外国在华资产,如英国主动伸出援手,中英两国在经贸上尚存合作空间。因此,尽管一面是二战盟友国民党一面是意识形态截然不同的共产党,英国还是选择与共产党建立联系。随着时间推移,中共逐渐取得全面胜利,着手建立全国性政权,英国认为有必要重新选择承认哪一个政府。选择继续承认国民政府,可以与美国统一意见,但意味着无视国际承认规则和本国利益,也不利于与英联邦的亚洲成员国协调意见;选择承认中共中央政府,意味着与美国发生分歧,但是尊重国际规则和本国利益的决定。在权衡英国远东利益、中共性质以及其他国家尤其是美国的态度之后,英国做出了尽早承认中共中央政府的决定,成为第一个给予新中国政府合法性承认的西方大国。承认会对做出承认的国家产生一定的法律约束,英国亦不例外。承认新中国后,英国在考虑两航资产归属、联合国代表权归属、台湾归属问题上都比其他西方大国更加慎重,更加倾向于站在中共立场上看待以上问题,究其原因,除了对中国大陆上客观事实的尊重之外,还受到了承认行为的约束,甚至在东西方交火的朝鲜战争期间,英国也没有因为国际局势的变化而影响继续承认新中国政府。因此,在上述这一系列与中国有关的国际问题上,英国由于承认了新中国政府而再次与美国产生了不同的态度,美国更支持国民政府,遏制新中国政府,而英国恰恰相反,甚至谴责美国的态度和行为。然而,承认是一个双边范畴,承认国主要是从本国角度出发进行决策,他国的观点只是次要参考;但国际问题的解决通常依靠集体决策,尤其在冷战时期,集体决策往往意味着大国的角力。在集体决策场合中,尽管英国与美国观点不同,但也很难忽视美国的观点独立地做出决定,英国的国际话语地位明显弱于美国,难以获得多数支持,甚至被边缘化,因此英国对新中国的看法和态度并不能决定解决方案的最终走向,英国自身也不得不妥协。由此可见,尽管承认一定程度上影响了英国的观点,但这种仅限于双边范畴的外交举动对必须在集体决策场合中进行讨论和协商的一系列与中国有关的国际问题的解决并没有产生太大的实质性作用。
[Abstract]:The Sino British relations is in the early days of new China China relations with western countries more special. In 50s, the official Chinese often describe policy in the United States and Britain led capitalist countries of non capitalist countries with "American imperialism". But in fact, in the early days of new China, British policy in China and American policy towards China is not the same, although the United Kingdom and the United States to maintain dialogue and consultation, but there are still large differences. The British policy toward self system, step by step, with its own economic interests as the foundation, comprehensive consideration of various factors of the results, this formulation is especially prominent in the recognition of new Chinese decision based on the British. Diplomatic documents (telegrams, letters, the Ministry of foreign affairs report) as the core research object, mainly from the archives of DBPO (British overseas literature database) in the series " A - volume eight: Britain and China, 1945 - 1950> and SAGE database: the British foreign ministry policy files (1949-1956) > series, including the former works, take the time as a clue, the British chose to recognize the new government China combing the antecedents and consequences. This structure is divided into three parts, the first part is the British recognized factors the new Chinese needs to be considered, the second part is to acknowledge the gradual process of the New England China decision, the third part is that the second half of the year.1948 impact on the attitude of the British after a series of problems of the Communist Party, China set up the North China People's government, and quickly occupied the area north of the Yangtze River. At this time, the British re estimation the Chinese situation, he showed his realistic. There are a large number of overseas Chinese and British economic and trade group in China, each step of policy adjustment should be to protect the interests in China as the core of British policy. The realistic characteristics of ideology and value judgment but also the performance of interference factors is seldom in the formulation of policy. At that time, the Kuomintang government corrupt and inefficient to the British feel disappointed, Britain is expected Chinese China Communist United is an irreversible situation, must as soon as possible and get in touch with the Communist Party China sought to protect its interests in China may, in addition, UK judge Chinese party needs economic assistance and support of the western countries, the confiscation of foreign assets in China may not be in the short term, such as the British initiative to help Britain, surviving in the economic and trade cooperation space. Therefore, although a World War II allies the Kuomintang side is different ideology of Communist Party, Britain chose to establish contact with the Communist Party with the passage of time. The Communist Party of China, gradually achieve total victory, to establish a national regime, the British think that it is necessary to choose to acknowledge Which one of the government. Choose to continue to recognize the national government, and the United States can agree, but it means ignoring international recognition rules and national interests, is not conducive to the coordination of the member countries and Asian Views of the Commonwealth; choose to acknowledge the CPC Central Government, means that the differences with the United States, but to respect international rules and national interests. In the British Far East balance interests, the nature and other countries especially the attitude of the United States, the British government admitted that the CPC Central Committee made a decision as soon as possible, to become the first to give the new government China Western powers recognize the legitimacy. That will produce certain legal constraints to make the recognition of the country, Britain is no exception. Recognize the new Chinese after considering the two British property ownership, the representative of the United States ownership, the status of Taiwan are higher than in other western countries are more cautious, more inclined to stand in the Communist Party of China Look at the position of the above problems, the reason, in addition to Chinese, on the objective facts of the respect, also affected by the recognition behavior, even during the Korean War. Fighting, the British did not because of the change of the international situation and influence continue to recognize the new government Chinese. Therefore, in the above series and China on international issues, as Britain recognized the new government Chinese again with the United States have different attitudes, the United States supported the national government, and the British government to curb new China, on the contrary, even accused the United States of attitude and behavior. However, that is a bilateral category, admitted from their own perspective in the main to make decisions, he's just a secondary reference point; but in solving international problems usually rely on the collective decision-making, especially during the cold war, the collective decision often means that the power in the collective will to struggle. Policy settings, although the United Kingdom and the United States a different point of view, but it is difficult to ignore the view of the United States independently decide international discourse status in the United Kingdom are significantly weaker than the United States, it is difficult to obtain the support of the majority, or even marginalized, and eventually to the British on the new Chinese attitude does not determine the solution, the UK's own also have to compromise. Thus, although admitted to a certain extent affected the British point of view, but this is only limited to the category of bilateral diplomatic moves to solve a series of discussions and negotiations must be in collective decision-making occasions associated with China's international problems have not produced substantial effects too.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D829.561

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