美国对外援助中的私人志愿者组织与政府援助合作研究

发布时间：2018-03-19 23:19

本文选题：美国对外援助　切入点：私人志愿者组织　出处：《北京外国语大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：对外援助作为国际关系中很重要的一项国家与国家交往的活动,在第二次世界大战之后成为了国际政治经济中一种非常重要的现象。在美国,对外援助作为实现对外政策的重要工具,自"马歇尔计划"开始,在过去近一个世纪的时间中,对外援助不仅起到维护美国国家安全战略的目的,也传播了美国民主以及价值。但从受援国的角度来看,这些接受援助国家是否可以真正从这些援助中获益,根据这些国家的现实情况来看,官方发展援助饱受争议。虽然官方发展援助中除了援助国国家利益的计算之外,肯定包含着人道主义动机,但是作为实现国家利益的工具,援助国首要目标必然是为了保护本国的国家安全与利益。这其中不可避免的会与受援国利益为出发点的人道主义关怀产生冲突,其在对外援助中的可靠性和信誉度大打折扣。同时,在对外援助中,除了大量的主权国家间双边援助和政府间国际组织对外援助外,还存在着另外一类援助机构,那就是国际非政府组织。国际非政府组织在国际社会上并非是一个新鲜事物,但是其在本世纪初非政府组织迅速崛起。由于非政府组织自身非政府性、非营利性、专业性等特点,在对外援助中发挥着越来越重要的作用。因为这类组织的力量来源既不同于国家,也不同于商业部门。事实上,自二战之后,私人志愿者组织在美国国际救济和发展中一直占有一席之地。在近几年中,美国对外发展基金开始更多的通过私人志愿者组织进行援助的提供。另外,在美国对外援助中,政府与私人部门的伙伴关系在过去十年内被频繁提及。原本只将私人部门当作是援助输送的通道的伙伴关系,开始向平等的伙伴关系转型,因此对于国际援助中的非政府组织这一重要的援助力量进行研究是很有必要的。在中国,在对外援助活动中的非政府组织并不活跃。相较于美国这个根植于个人主义传统的年轻国家,私营非营利组织的活跃是美国社会最重要的特点之一。因此通过对美国对外援助中的私人志愿者组织的研究可以帮助中国,更深刻的认识美国对外援助的方式以及与各方的合作关系,加强对美国对外援助与对外政策的了解。有助于中国吸取美国对外援助的有益经验,同时规避其中的风险和不足。在对待非政府组织这个国际关系行为体是,可以建立在更客观地基础上对其进行交流与合作。充分发挥私人部门地作用,使得政府部门可以与私人部门开展能更好地合作。在相互了解地前提下,规范双方地合作行为,使中国在对外援助中可以与国际非政府组织加强合作,这样更加有助于对外援助的有效性和效率的提高,更好的融入国际援助体系,加强多边合作。同时,也可以更好的发展中国国内的市民社会,加强社会主义民主建设,充分调动各方力量,为我国对外政策添砖加瓦,更好的发展与发展中国家的关系,以积极的方式应对称中国对外援助为"新殖民主义"等的批评。
[Abstract]:A national communication activities in international relations as an important foreign aid, after the second world war has become a very important phenomenon in the international political economy. In the United States, as an important tool to realize the foreign policy of foreign aid, since the beginning of the "Marshall plan", in the past nearly a century in time, foreign aid not only to safeguard the national security strategy of the United States to spread the American democracy and value. But from the recipient's point of view, whether the recipient countries can really benefit from this assistance, according to the actual situation in these countries, official development assistance is controversial. Although the official development assistance in addition to calculate the aid of national interests, must contain humanitarian motives, but as tools of realizing national interest, our primary goal is to aid. The national security and interests protection in our country. This conflict which inevitably with their interests as the starting point of humanitarian concern, the foreign aid in the reliability and reputation greatly. At the same time, the foreign aid, in addition to a large number of sovereign states bilateral aid and intergovernmental organizations of foreign aid, but also there is also a class of aid agencies, which is an international non-governmental organization. International non government organizations in the international community is not a new thing, but in the beginning of this century the rapid rise of non-governmental organizations. Because of its non governmental organizations, non-governmental, non-profit, professional characteristics, plays a more and more important role important in foreign aid. Because of this kind of organization is different from the power source, is also different from the commercial sector. In fact, since the end of World War II, private volunteer organizations in the United States in international relief And development has occupied a space for one person. In recent years, the United States foreign development fund started by private volunteer organizations to provide more aid. In addition, the American foreign aid, the government and private sector partnerships are frequently mentioned in the past ten years. Originally only in the private sector as aid delivery channel the partnership began to transform to equal partnership, so for the NGO international assistance in this important assistance research is very necessary. In Chinese, non government organizations in foreign aid activities are not active. Compared to the United States this is rooted in the tradition of individualism young country private nonprofit organizations active is one of the most important features of American society. Therefore, through the study on American foreign aid in private volunteer organizations can help Chinese deeper. The understanding of American foreign assistance and cooperation with all parties, to strengthen the American foreign aid and foreign policy. Chinese helps absorb the beneficial experience of American foreign aid, while avoiding the risks and disadvantages. In the treatment of non governmental organizations of the international relations actors, can set up exchanges and cooperation on the basis of more objectively. Give full play to the role of the private sector, the government and the private sector can carry out better cooperation. On the premise of mutual understanding, mutual cooperation behavior norms, the Chinese in foreign aid can strengthen cooperation with international NGOs, such effectiveness more help foreign aid and improve the efficiency, better integration into the international aid system, strengthen multilateral cooperation. At the same time, also can better development China domestic civil society, strengthen the socialist We should fully mobilize all forces to build up our foreign policy and better develop relations with developing countries in a democratic way. In a positive way, we should symmetrize China's foreign aid as a new colonialism.

【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D871.2

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