美国的政治极化现象及其对外交政策的影响

发布时间：2018-03-19 23:30

本文选题：美国政治　切入点：政治极化　出处：《国际关系学院》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：所谓“政治极化”，并没有一个准确的定义。它大概是指：美国的两党，由于意识形态层面上的区别越来越大，两党的“内质化”越来越明显，从而对政治问题的看法的分歧也越来越大。美国的政治极化不仅出现在精英层面，也体现在大众层面，最明显的表现就是，某党的支持者的地域分配呈现红蓝州对立。政治极化对美国政治生活的影响体现在多方面，国会投票，政策制定，社会文化与思潮。本文旨在探讨政治极化对美国外交政策的影响。政治极化在美国并不是一个新现象。政党制度诞生之后，两党的分歧日趋明显，在美国的历史上产生过三次严重的极化时期。分别在南北战争时期、十九世纪末二十世纪初、罗斯福新政时期。二战后到六十年代，极化现象有所好转。然而，从七十年代国会改革以来，美国政治的极化现象（其中以政党的极化现象最为典型）再次出现，其对美国的政治生活产生了越来越大的影响，到九十年代之后，冷战结束，政治极化程度迅速加大，虽然从小布什到奥巴马都表示有意要缓解两党矛盾。但是实际上，政治极化程度反而有愈演愈烈之势。本文认为，，冷战后的内外环境的新变化致使美国的政治极化现象进一步加深。而导致极化出现的深层原因有如下几点（1）七十年代之后不断出现的选民重组，导致政党的内部化加强。（2）美国的选举制度导致了国会中安全区的增多。（3）两党在传统道德以及社会问题的分歧的加深。政治极化的加剧会对美国公共政策的制定产生影响，其影响的形式主要是，占据国会的一党对总统的设定议程采取“不合作”的态度，利用反对的权力阻击和拖延总统设定的法案。政治极化对于外交决策的影响，与影响公共政策的制定相似。都是以国会动用否决性权力，总统推翻该否决。在否决性权力中，国会多运用其掌握的“钱袋权”和审查权。本文选举了三个比较有代表性的例子来探讨极化现象对美国外交决策的影响：伊拉克战争的拨款问题、克林顿时期的对外援助问题、国会的给予中国最惠国待遇的审查问题。对于美国的政治极化现象，美国国内很早就开始重视并予以反思。虽然美国政治极化现象，暂时还没有缓解的趋势，但从长期角度上看，本文认为严重政治极化现象不可能长期存在下去。与对内影响相比，政治极化对外交决策的影响相对较小。最后本文认为极化现象是任何政党制度国家都必然出现的一种客观规律。任何国家都不能试图回避，而应该面对这一问题。
[Abstract]:The so-called "political polarization" does not have a precise definition. It probably means that the two parties in the United States are becoming more and more "endomorphic" because of the growing ideological differences between the two parties. As a result, there is a growing divergence of views on political issues. The political polarization of the United States appears not only at the elite level, but also at the mass level, the most obvious manifestation of which is that. The geographical distribution of supporters of a certain party presents a red and blue state opposition. The impact of political polarization on the political life of the United States is reflected in many ways, with congressional votes and policy formulation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of political polarization on American foreign policy. Political polarization is not a new phenomenon in the United States. Since the birth of the political party system, the differences between the two parties have become increasingly obvious, and there have been three serious periods of polarization in the history of the United States. During Roosevelt's New deal period, polarization improved from World War II to 60s. However, since the congressional reform in 70s, political polarization in the United States (the most typical of which is the polarization of political parties) has resurfaced. It has had a growing impact on political life in the United States. After the end of the Cold War in 90s, political polarization increased rapidly, although both Bush and Obama expressed their intention to ease the conflict between the two parties. On the contrary, the degree of political polarization is becoming more and more intense. This paper argues that the new changes in the internal and external environment after the Cold War have further deepened the political polarization in the United States. The election system in the United States has led to an increase in the number of safe areas in Congress) and the deepening of differences between the two parties on traditional moral and social issues. The intensification of political polarization will have an impact on the formulation of public policy in the United States, mainly in the form of a "non-cooperative" attitude of the one-party occupying Congress towards the president's set agenda. Use the power of opposition to block and delay bills set by the president. The influence of political polarization on foreign policy decisions is similar to that of public policy... In which Congress exercises veto power, the president overturns it. This paper elects three more representative examples to discuss the impact of polarization on US diplomatic decision-making: the issue of funding for the Iraq War, the issue of foreign aid during the Clinton period, Parliament's examination of China's MFN status. The phenomenon of political polarization in the United States has long been taken seriously and reflected on in the United States. Although the phenomenon of political polarization in the United States has not been alleviated for the time being, in the long run, This paper holds that the phenomenon of serious political polarization cannot exist for a long time. Compared with the internal influence, the influence of political polarization on diplomatic decision-making is relatively small. Finally, this paper holds that polarization is an inevitable objective law in any country with political party system, and no country can try to avoid it, but should face this problem.
【学位授予单位】：国际关系学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D871.2

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