西班牙的伊拉克战略：国家安全还是国际团结？

发布时间：2018-03-24 17:39

本文选题：伊拉克　切入点：西班牙　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：2001年9月11日,一场重大的恐怖袭击事件震惊了世界:四架飞机被劫持,并且瞄准了纽约的双子塔、五角大楼和白宫。这次袭击使美国意识到其安全正在受到挑战,并意识到其不再对恐怖主义的威胁免疫。美国政府对这次袭击的反应是,制定了一项名为“全球反恐战争”的新政策,其主要目的是消灭国际恐怖主义。这项外交政策是基于对阿富汗(被视为恐怖分子藏身之地)的干涉。在这个计划中,伊拉克也被纳为行动的对象,因为怀疑其拥有大规模毁灭性武器。这个国家与伊朗和朝鲜一起被美国认为是邪恶的轴心;这些国家的政府倾向于培养和资助恐怖主义。然而,这个政策存在争议;联合国批准对阿富汗采取军事行动的同时,拒绝了对伊拉克采取军事行动的提议,相反,联合国安理会通过了第1441号决议,这项决议包括了要对伊拉克展开调查,以查明伊拉克政府是否拥有美国宣称的大规模毁灭性武器,此外,伊拉克政府必须向联合国提交一些文件,以保证其核武器销毁的真实性。然而,提交这些文件的截止日期并没有明确的规定,即使文件成功发送了,无论如何,其结果也不会像美国政府决定入侵伊拉克的那样。在欧洲的背景下,西班牙发布了“八国许可书”,包括欧洲联盟(英国、丹麦、波兰、意大利、葡萄牙、匈牙利和捷克共和国)的成员,他们认为美国入侵是合法的。另一方面,有一些构成了“旧欧洲”的国家例如法国和德国,决定不参加这样的干涉行动,甚至是持反对意见。2003年,聚集了乔治·沃克·布什、托尼布莱尔及阿斯纳尔的首脑会议在亚速尔群岛召开,几天之后,伊拉克入侵行动在未经联合国的批准下发生了。除此之外,西班牙人民同样反对这一决定,一些示威活动在大城市的街道上不断发生。在整个背景下,出现了这样一些问题:是什么推动西班牙在伊拉克问题上支持美国?这种有争议的决定背后的原因是什么?本文的目的是摆脱传统方式来解释这一有争议的决定,即西班牙外交政策的转变发展。本文试图回答的问题是:为什么西班牙政府决定加入美国在伊拉克的反恐战争(2003),尽管这是一个有争议的决定,并且是一个多数国内民众反对的决定?由此引申出的问题:非国家行为体在多大程度上影响了西班牙的外交政策?以及西班牙在干预伊拉克之前的外交政策是怎样的?为了回答这个问题,必须证明的假设是:西班牙政府加入美国入侵伊拉克行动,并因此改变外交政策的一个重要考量因素是可感知到的来自巴斯克分离主义集团的威胁以及美国在其与巴斯克分离派的斗争中给予援助的重要性。此外,支持这一假设并在论文中展开的论点是:与巴斯克分离派的斗争是西班牙政府的优先考虑事项;与巴斯克分离派斗争的重要性,使西班牙重新考虑与其他国家的关系,并且越来越向美国靠拢;美国政府提供的用以反击分离派的援助被认为是有价值的;西班牙担心,如果西班牙政府最终决定不加入美国同盟,那么美国将撤回援助。本文采用定性方法来证明这一假设,也采用了过程追踪法,有关资料来自于书籍、学者文章和官方网站。为此,论文中必须增加一些关于采访和报纸的内容。此外,本文所采用的理论是外交政策中的一个概念:非国家行为体对政府在制定和实施外交政策的过程中所起到的影响;在本文背景下,只有一大类非国家行为体会被分析:恐怖主义。本文共分五章,其中第一章是介绍以及最后一章是结论,之后的是附录和参考文献。其中一章谈及美国在本世纪所采取的主要外交政策之一,在第二章(恐怖战争)中将会有所论述。在其中一节,将分析美国的反恐主义战争的外交政策:就其主要内容和发展过程进行展开。由于本文的重点是西班牙的决策,所以会有一个部分,阐述西班牙在伊拉克问题上所扮演的角色,和迄今为止西班牙所奉行的外交政策,这是西班牙外交政策中一个不寻常的转折点,假设一个被认定的事实是西班牙外交政策的主要对象是其他国家,那么美国和西班牙这种同盟关系更多是在特定背景下所促成的。虽然美国多年来一直没有成为西班牙外交政策的主要焦点国,但是在西班牙的独裁统治时期,曾有过这样一个时刻:佛朗哥政府决定与美国合作以换取一些经济贸易协议。本文尝试证明的假设包括非政府行为体在政府中的活动和影响力,因此第三章旨在解释1996-2004年期间影响西班牙政策的主要非国家行为主体。在第三章第一节中,讲述了巴斯克分离主义集团的历史,包括其建立的原因和主要目的(特别是巴斯克地区的独立性)。此外,还有一节将分析是谁制定了西班牙的外交政策,以及谁决定参与2003年的伊拉克反恐战争。西班牙的制度是如何运转的,是怎样在同时拥有一个国王和一个总统的情况下成功运行的,以及议会中的参议院和众议院有什么样的职能。因此,这个决定是由政府提出,并根据1978年西班牙宪法和议会表决多数通过的。非国家行为体的概念将会在第三章的最后一节有所阐述。非国家行为体的分类方法有很大差异,其类别也有很多种。然而,本文着重于恐怖主义,主要分析其技术、方法、新的挑战以及巴斯克分离派怎样被视为一个恐怖主义组织。在第四章中,将对该假设的一个方面进行研究:美国对西班牙反击巴斯克分离派所给予的帮助和支持。如果重新定位外交政策的原因是非国家行为体的影响力,那么这两国为了对抗非国家行为体而采取的妥协就是推动西班牙跟随美国的伊拉克战略的原因之一。首先,必须说明为什么巴斯克分离派是主要威胁,以及为什么西班牙政府决定将其作为议程的优先事项之一;与邻国的疏远关系,恐怖主义集团的暴行的增加和这一集团迅速卷土重来是其中的一些原因。特别是这可以被认为是对国家安全的威胁:巴斯克分离派试图获得西班牙自治区之一的地位,这一举动破坏了国家的中央集权和国家统一。这种靠向美国的外交政策的转变是西班牙受到了一些来自美国部分政府机构的援助。援助主要是情报支持,因为西班牙在打击恐怖主义的行动中的情报活动并没有发挥多大作用。
[Abstract]:In September 11, 2001, a major terrorist attacks shocked the world: four planes were hijacked, and aimed at the Petronas Twin Towers in New York, The Pentagon and the White House. The attack to the United States realized that its security is being challenged, and aware of the threat of terrorism is no longer immune. The U.S. government response to the attack is made a program called "new policy in the global war on terror", its main purpose is to eliminate international terrorism. This policy is based on Afghanistan (regarded as a terrorist hideout) interference. In this plan, Iraq is also satisfied for the action of the object, because of suspected with mass destruction the weapons in this country. With Iran and North Korea are united states that the axis of evil; the governments of these countries tend to develop and the financing of terrorism. However, this policy dispute; joint China approved to take military action in Afghanistan at the same time, refused to take military action against Iraq's proposal, on the contrary, the United Nations Security Council resolution 1441st passed the resolution, including the investigation of Iraq, to find out whether the Iraqi government has declared U.S. weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, the government must submit some file to the United Nations, in order to ensure the authenticity of the destruction of nuclear weapons. However, the deadline for submission of these documents is not clearly defined, even if the file sent successfully, in any case, the result is not like the United States government decided to invade Iraq. In the context of Europe, Spain issued the license ", including the European Union (UK, Denmark, Poland, Italy, Portugal, Hungary and Czech Republic) members, they think that the U.S. invasion of another party is legal. There are some surface, constitutes a "old Europe" in countries such as France and Germany, decided not to participate in the intervention action, even the opposition.2003, George Walker Bush Tony Blair and Aznar gathered, the summit held in Azores, a few days after the invasion of Iraq in action without UN approval occurred. In addition, the Spanish people also objected to this decision, some demonstrations continue to occur in the streets of the city. In the background, the emergence of such questions: what is driving Spain support the United States in Iraq? What is the reason behind this controversial decision? The purpose of this paper is to get rid of the traditional way to explain this controversial decision, the Spanish foreign policy change development. This paper attempts to answer the question: why the Spanish government decided To join the United States in Iraq War (2003), although this is a controversial decision, and a majority of domestic public opposition decision? Thus a problem: the unstate effect of Spain's foreign policy in the extent and how? Spain in Iraq before intervention foreign policy? In order to answer this question, must prove that the assumption is that the Spanish government joined the U.S. invasion of Iraq, one of the important factors and therefore change foreign policy is perceived from the Basque doctrine of separation and the threat of the United States in the group with the Basque separatist struggle assistance importance. In addition, to support this hypothesis and launched in the paper's argument is: with Basque separatist struggle is the Spanish government's priorities; and Basque separatist struggle important Of Spain to reconsider its relations with other countries, and more and more close to the United States; the U.S. government for secession to counter aid are considered valuable; Spain worry that if the Spanish government eventually decided not to join the alliance, then the United States will withdraw aid. This paper uses the qualitative method to prove it that also uses a process tracing method, relevant information from books, articles and the official website of scholars. This thesis must increase some interviews and newspaper content. In addition, this theory is a concept in foreign policy: the influence to non state actors of government diplomacy in the formulation and policy in this paper; in the background, experience is only a kind of non national behavior is analyzed: terrorism. This paper is divided into five chapters, the first chapter is the introduction and the last chapter is Conclusion after the appendix and reference. Chapter one on one of the main foreign policy adopted by the United States in this century, in the second chapter (terror) will be discussed. In one section, the analysis of American counter-terrorism War foreign policy: its main content and development process. Because the focus of this paper is Spain's decision, so there will be a part of this, Spain played in Iraq's role, and so far the foreign policy pursued by Spain, this is an unusual turning point of Spanish foreign policy, assuming a facts is the main object of Spanish foreign policy the other countries, then the United States and Spain of the Alliance is more facilitated in the specific context. Although the United States over the years has not become the main focus of the Spanish foreign policy In China, but in Spain during the dictatorship, had such a moment: Franco government decided to cooperate with the United States in exchange for some economic and trade agreements. This paper attempts to prove the hypothesis includes the activities and influence of non-governmental actors in the government, so the third chapter aims to explain the main effect during the 1996-2004 years of non national behavior Spanish policy. In the first section of the third chapter, describes the history of the Basque separatist group, including the reason and the main objective (especially the independence of the Basque area). In addition, there is a section analysis who made Spain's foreign policy, and who decided to participate in the 2003 Iraq war on terror in Spain. The system is how to operate, is the successful operation of how to have a king and a president in the case, and in the parliament house and Senate What kind of functions. Therefore, this decision is proposed by the government, according to the 1978 Spanish Constitution and parliament by majority vote. The concept will be non state actors in the last section of the third chapter in this paper. Some classification methods of non state actors are very different, the category also has a lot of kinds. However, this paper focuses on the analysis of the major terrorism, technology, methods, new challenges and Basque Sezession how is regarded as a terrorist organization. In the fourth chapter, we will study one aspect of the hypothesis: the United States granted to Spain to counter Basque Sezession help and support. If the reasons for re positioning of diplomacy the policy is non state actors influence, so the two countries to fight against non state actors to compromise is to promote one of Iraq's strategic reason to follow the United States Spain at first, To explain why Basque secession is a major threat, and why the Spanish government decided to take it as one of the priorities of the agenda; with its neighbors alienated relationship, increased violence and terrorist groups in the group quickly comeback are some of the reasons. Especially, this can be considered a threat to national security: Basque Sezession try to get one of the Spanish autonomous region status, a move undermined the centralization and unity of the country. This change to the foreign policy of the United States is Spain received aid from the United States government agencies. Some aid is the main intelligence support, because the Spanish intelligence activities in combating terrorism and did not play much.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D855.1

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