二战后中东地区的军备竞赛与军备控制

发布时间：2018-04-03 17:15

本文选题：军备竞赛　切入点：军备控制　出处：《西北大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：军备竞赛与军备控制问题是中东国际关系的重要内容,与中东地区的和平、稳定及繁荣有着密切联系,事关中东人民的福祉。尽管如此,但客观而言,军备竞赛的危害和军备控制的重要意义并没有得到应有重视,二战后开始的军备竞赛至今仍在继续进行,其间因军备竞赛不断升级多次爆发大规模战争,而军备控制并未能很好地发挥遏制中东军备竞赛的作用,今后其工作有待于进一步加强。以冷战为界,中东军备竞赛与军备控制均可分为两个时期,冷战时期,中东军备竞赛在美苏两个大国的插手干预下愈演愈烈,多次以战争的方式结束而又重新开始,这一时期的军备控制受到美苏争夺影响,显得软弱无力；冷战后,美国在自身利益驱动下,给予中东军控以更多关注,但主要集中在防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散方面,并取得了一些成果,但它对常规武器控制兴趣索然(对反美国家除外,如叙利亚、伊朗等国),致使中东军备竞赛尤其是海湾地区国家间对抗日趋激烈。本文的研究重点在于：第一,关键地区,如列万特、海湾和马格里布地区军备竞赛的发展演变,武器转让、军事工业发展及大规模杀伤性武器对中东军备竞赛的作用。第二,军备竞赛的根源,它对世界、本地区及相关国家政治、经济、社会、环境等方面的消极作用,例如军备竞赛经常性地打断中东国家政治民主化进程、使之出现反复；它所造成的国家间信任缺乏,使得经济整合远远落后于世界其他地区；军备竞赛占用的宝贵人力物力阻碍了国家经济发展和民众应享有的福利；另外,军备竞赛导致的集权倾向可能会对人权造成严重侵害。第三、中东军备控制的发展演变、特点及对中东地区的影响,仍以列万特、海湾和马格里布为例,并专门论述了常规、非常规武器控制及各个行为体的立场。第四,关于中东军备控制工作的缺陷,造成它的原因,它与中东和平进程及安全的关系。本文的主要观点包括：第一,中东军备竞赛是本地区动荡不安的重要原因,但不是唯一的要素,也不是问题根源,中东的不安定根植于复杂的民族、宗教矛盾等,不解决它们,军备竞赛将无法根除,只有和平进程取得突破,军备竞赛才能止息。第二,军备控制虽不能从根本上遏制军备竞赛,但它能增强国家间信任及合作,为消除中东军备竞赛及其他矛盾奠定基础,因而是不可或缺的。第三、必须建立专门针对中东地区或次区域的军控机制,并辅之以可靠的核查和执行手段,在地区性军控工作难以开展的情况下,先从次区域着手不失为一种过渡方式。第四,大国(特别是美国)必须对中东地区的安全切实承担责任,域外大国是中东军备竞赛的重要参与者,因而对中东军备竞赛的发生发展应当肩负更多义务,严格控制对中东的武器转让,减少对地区事务的干预。第五,中东国家需要转变观念,学会尊重他国利益和正当关切,抛弃以自我为中心的安全观念和以武力谋求安全、军事优势的做法,尝试与邻国合作共存、实现共同安全。纵观中东地区的军备竞赛与军备控制,可以发现,相对于长时期激烈的军备竞赛,中东军备控制工作虽然也取得了一定成绩,但总体而言,实践很难称得上是成功的,这既与军控本身的缺陷有关,也同中东地区矛盾的复杂性密不可分。但是,军控仍是维护中东和平的重要工具,今后必须给予其更多关注与支持,方能为中东地区的和平与发展创造条件。
[Abstract]:The arms race and arms control is an important part of international relations in the Middle East, and the Middle East peace, stability and prosperity are closely related to people's well-being is related to the Middle East. In spite of this, but objectively speaking, significant harm and arms control arms race has not been given due attention, after World War II began an arms race still continue, because the arms race upgrade the outbreak of large-scale war, and arms control and failed to play well to curb the Middle East arms race, the future work needs to be further strengthened.
In the cold war, the Middle East arms race and arms control can be divided into two periods, during the cold war, the Middle East arms race intensified in the Soviet Union in the two powers to intervene in the war, many ways to end and start again, arms control during this period by the Soviet Union and the United States for influence is weak and feeble; after the cold war. The United States in their own interests, give more attention to the Middle East arms control, but mainly concentrated on the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in prevention, and achieved some results, but it is of interest to control conventional weapons (except for anti America, such as Syria, Iran and other countries), the Middle East arms race, especially the Gulf States confrontation between the increasingly fierce.
The focus of this paper is: first, the key areas, such as the development of the Bay and the arms race Aventis, Maghreb evolution, transfer of weapons, military and industrial development of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East arms race. Second, the root of the arms race, it to the world, politics, local and national economy and society the negative effect, environment and other aspects, such as the arms race regularly interrupted the countries of the Middle East political democratization process, making it appear repeatedly; it caused by the lack of trust between countries, the economic integration is far behind other regions of the world; the arms race takes up valuable resources has hindered the development of national economy and the people should enjoy the welfare; in addition, centralization of power led to an arms race may cause a serious violation of human rights. In third, the development of the Middle East arms control characteristics and evolution, in the Middle East In effect, still listed Levante, the Gulf and the Maghreb as an example, and discusses the conventional and non conventional weapons control and each behavior body position. Fourth, the defect on the Middle East arms control work, its cause, its relationship with the Middle East peace process and security.
The main points of this paper include: first, the Middle East arms race is an important reason for the turbulent region, but not the only factor, is not the root of the problem, the Middle East unrest is rooted in the complex ethnic and religious conflicts, not solve them, arms race can not be eradicated, only a breakthrough in the peace process, to the arms race stop. Second, arms control can not fundamentally curb arms race, but it can enhance the trust and cooperation between countries, lay the foundation for the elimination of the Middle East arms race and other contradictions, so it is indispensable. Third, must establish a specific region or sub regional arms control mechanism, and is complemented by a reliable verification and the means of implementation, in the area of arms control work is difficult to carry out the case, first started a transition is from the area. Fourth powers (especially the United States) must be in the Middle East. All assume the responsibility, the extraterritorial powers is an important participant in the Middle East arms race, so the occurrence and development of the Middle East arms race should shoulder more responsibilities, strictly control the transfer of weapons to the Middle East, to reduce regional affairs intervention. Fifth, Middle East countries need to change the ideas, learn to respect the interests and legitimate concerns of other countries, to abandon the concept of security self centered and force to seek security, military advantage, try coexistence and cooperation with neighboring countries, to achieve common security.
The arms race and arms control, throughout the Middle East can be found, compared to the long period of intense arms race, the Middle East arms control work has achieved some results, but overall, the practice is hardly successful, which is associated with defects of arms control, also with the complexity of conflicts in the Middle East. However, an important tool for arms control is still maintaining peace in the Middle East, must give more attention and support in the future, in order to create the conditions for peace and development in the Middle East.

【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K153;D815.1

【引证文献】