天命观与美国对外政策

发布时间：2018-05-07 16:45

本文选题：天命观 + 美国　；参考：《河南师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：天命观是解开美国对外政策之谜的一把钥匙。意识形态与现实利益是民族国家对外交往的两大内驱力。美国（非正式）意识形态的核心便是天命观与自由主义的一致性，也即美国人认为，维护和推广民主自由是上帝赋予美国的使命。“天命观”是美国文化传统中的核心因素，它发源于清教徒的宗教信仰，植根于北美大陆的特殊地理环境，并因世界上发端较早的资产阶级民主政体而得以强化。从殖民地时期至今，天命观的演变经历了“种族优越论”“天定命运”“新天定命运”“承担义务论”“领导使命论”等五个阶段。天命观使得美国对外交往中表现出“全球主义”的倾向。美国从一开始就具有全球性的视野，这与其商业精神和传教士情结是分不开的。以清教主义为核心的商业精神孕育出美利坚民族的务实作风，也形成了美国外交尤为注重经济扩张与实力政治的传统。传教士情结促动下的美国外交充满着理想主义色彩，一方面，美国总是试图以其价值观塑造国际新秩序，另一方面，对民主输出和人权外交往往乐此不疲。实际上，理想主义与现实主义是相得益彰的，美国巧妙地把对特定现实利益的追求，同表面上宣扬的理想和价值观目标交织在一起。强调实力与价值观的新保守主义外交正是理想主义与现实主义契合的最好例证。天命观也催生了美国外交中的“本土主义”情结。众所周知，美国早期奉行孤立主义是出于维护新生国家安全的目的，然而，不可否认的是孤立主义的确有着深刻的宗教文化根源。北美作为清教徒实现宗教理想的“希望之乡”，与腐朽、专制的欧洲旧世界势不两立。在20世纪之前，美国对外政策目标十分明确：在国内实现天定命运，避免卷入海外事务。随着国家实力的增强，美国不可避免地卷入世界事务，特别是在二战后成为西方世界当之无愧的领袖后，孤立主义日薄西山。主张有限度的国际主义的“新孤立主义”就是在这种背景下应运而生的。虽然孤立主义已经不再作为影响对外政策的主流思潮出现，但是，深深扎根于美国文化传统中的孤立主义并不会退出历史舞台，而是会在适当的时机下发挥“余热”。天命观对美国对外政策的影响是有限度的。尽管美国的发展历程中“天命观”表现突出且始终如一，但“天命观”对美国外交所起的作用受到诸如外交决策、国家利益与国家实力等因素的制约。因此，，对美国外交政策的考察要以一种综合的视角，既要看到“天命观”的独特作用，又要注重对美国现实利益的分析，只有这样才能把握住美国外交的实质。
[Abstract]:The view of destiny is a key to unravel the riddle of American foreign policy. Ideology and realistic interests are the two internal driving forces of nation-state 's external communication. The core of American (informal) ideology is the consistency between fatalism and liberalism, that is, Americans believe that it is God's mission to protect and promote democracy and freedom. "the view of destiny" is the core factor in American cultural tradition. It originated from the religious beliefs of the Puritans, rooted in the special geographical environment of the North American continent, and was strengthened by the early bourgeois democracy in the world. From the colonial period to the present, the evolution of the concept of destiny has gone through the "theory of racial superiority"? "Destiny"? "Destiny in New Heaven"? "commitment theory"? "leadership mission theory" and other five stages. The view of destiny makes the United States show a tendency of "globalism" in its foreign relations. America has a global vision from the beginning, which is inseparable from its business spirit and missionary complex. The business spirit with Puritanism as the core gave birth to the pragmatic style of the American nation and formed the tradition that American diplomacy paid special attention to economic expansion and power politics. The American diplomacy driven by missionary complex is full of idealism. On the one hand, the United States always tries to shape the new international order with its values, on the other hand, it is always happy with the export of democracy and the diplomacy of human rights. In fact, idealism and realism complement each other, and the United States cleverly interweaves the pursuit of specific realistic interests with the seemingly propagated ideals and values. Neo-conservative diplomacy, which emphasizes strength and values, is the best example of the combination of idealism and realism. The concept of destiny also gave birth to the "nativism" complex in American diplomacy. It is well known that the early pursuit of isolationism in the United States was for the purpose of safeguarding the new national security. However, it is undeniable that isolationism does have profound religious and cultural roots. As a land of hope for Puritans to realize religious ideals, North America is at odds with the old European world of decay and despotism. Before the 20 th century, America's foreign policy goal was clear: to achieve a destiny at home and avoid involvement in overseas affairs. With the increase of national strength, the United States inevitably gets involved in world affairs, especially after becoming a well-deserved leader in the western world after World War II, isolationism is far from perfect. It was against this background that the neo-isolationism, which advocated limited internationalism, came into being. Although isolationism no longer appears as the mainstream trend of thought influencing foreign policy, isolationism, which is deeply rooted in American cultural tradition, will not withdraw from the historical stage, but will give play to the "afterheat" at the appropriate time. The influence of fatalism on American foreign policy is limited. Although the United States' outlook on destiny is outstanding and consistent in its development, its role in American diplomacy is restricted by such factors as diplomatic decision-making, national interests and national strength. Therefore, the investigation of American foreign policy should be viewed from a comprehensive perspective, which should not only see the unique role of the "view of destiny", but also pay attention to the analysis of the real interests of the United States. Only in this way can the essence of American diplomacy be grasped.
【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D871.2

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