《不扩散核武器条约》的法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 21:28

本文选题：《不扩散核武器条约》 + 有核武器国家　；参考：《辽宁大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：自从美国于1945年8月6日和9日分别在日本的广岛和长崎投下了2枚原子弹后,人类便彻底的进入了有核时代。一方面,核危机非常严重,各国拥有的核武器数量已经足够毁灭人类数次。另一方面,面对能源危机核能又是一个非常可靠的替代者并且对于世界经济的发展起着至关重要的作用。《不扩散核武器条约》自签订以来,一直在防止国际核武器扩散方面发挥着不可替代的重要作用,比如其控制住了美俄等超级大国的核武器规模、使潜在的核武器国家放弃了发展计划、促使世界各地陆续的建立了无核区等。可因为自身存在着局限性,其效用的发挥也往往受到很大的阻碍,核武器扩散的形势并没有得到根本性的遏制。《不扩散核武器条约》的局限性主要表现在核武器横向,纵向禁止不全面、有核武器国家与无核武器国家权利义务不对等以及条约退出机制不合理等问题之中。缺陷的成因可以从内部衍生以及外部影响的双重视角来探寻,也可以综合条约本身与执行情况的不足加以分析,还可以将条约缺陷产生的根源与具体地区核危机的现状相结合起来去说明问题,从而指出《不扩散核武器条约》必须进行更为有效地改革以保证全世界的和平与安全。在《不扩散核武器条约》的完善过程中,针对缺陷成因探究解决办法,对条约本身的改进应该集中在细化条约对个人,组织以及非成员国的约束、实现有核武器国家与无核武器国家权利义务对等、完善条约退出机制以及增强条约约束力、明确核武器非法性等方面；针对条约执行的改革应该集中在加强对国际原子能机构以及联合国安理会更为细致有效的规制,从而确保其公正民主的履行职能；针对条约外部环境的营造应该加强诸如区域安全合作等国际战略措施以促使《不扩散核武器条约》的制度更加科学,执行更为有效。除对条约本身的发展方向给予关注外,条约与中国的关系以及中国对条约的影响也是极具实践意义的研究课题。中国在加入条约的过程中观念进行了巨大的转变并且经历了曲折的过程,而如今的中国在条约的执行方面早已发挥着推动核禁试,核裁军、促进条约更加公正,民主等重要的作用,今后的中国更应该将其角色定位于在保证与各国友好关系的同时逐步向条约机制内核心主导国进行转换。
[Abstract]:Since the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, mankind has entered a nuclear age. On the one hand, the nuclear crisis is so serious that countries have enough nuclear weapons to destroy mankind several times. On the other hand, nuclear energy is a very reliable alternative to the energy crisis and plays a vital role in the development of the world economy. Since the signing of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons, It has been playing an irreplaceable role in preventing the proliferation of international nuclear weapons, for example, by controlling the size of the nuclear weapons of superpowers such as the United States and Russia, causing potential nuclear-weapon States to abandon their development plans. To promote the establishment of nuclear-free zones around the world and so on. However, because of its own limitations, its effectiveness is often hindered, the proliferation of nuclear weapons has not been fundamentally contained. The limitations of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons (NPT) are mainly manifested in the horizontal and vertical prohibition of nuclear weapons, the unequal rights and obligations of nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States, and the unreasonable withdrawal mechanism of the Treaty. The causes of the defects can be explored from the perspective of internal derivation and external influence, and can also be analyzed from the perspective of the treaty itself and the deficiencies in the implementation of the treaty itself. The root causes of the Treaty's flaws could also be combined with the current state of the nuclear crisis in specific regions, thereby pointing out that the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons must be reformed more effectively to ensure peace and security throughout the world. In the process of perfecting the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons and exploring solutions to the causes of defects, improvements to the Treaty itself should focus on the elaboration of the treaty's binding on individuals, organizations and non-member States, To achieve the equality of rights and obligations between nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States, to improve the mechanism of withdrawal from the Treaty, to enhance the binding force of treaties, and to clarify the illegality of nuclear weapons; The reform of treaty implementation should focus on strengthening the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United Nations Security Council more detailed and effective regulation, so as to ensure its fair and democratic performance of its functions; The creation of an external environment for the Treaty should strengthen international strategic measures such as regional security cooperation in order to make the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons regime more scientific and effective. Besides paying attention to the development direction of the treaty itself, the relationship between the treaty and China's influence on the treaty are also of great practical significance. During the process of China's accession to the Treaty, there has been a tremendous change of concept and a tortuous process. Today, China has long played a role in promoting a nuclear test-ban, nuclear disarmament and a more just treaty in the implementation of the Treaty. Democracy and other important roles, in the future, China should position its role in ensuring friendly relations with other countries while gradually switching to the core leading countries in the treaty regime.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D815.2

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