尼克松—福特政府对苏联粮食贸易政策研究

发布时间：2018-05-17 08:04

本文选题：美国 + 苏联　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文旨在研究尼克松—福特政府对苏联的粮食贸易政策,评析这两届政府政策的成果与缺陷。尼克松上任后,国际局势发生了重大变化,美国开始调整对外经济战略,在粮食贸易上对苏联实施自由化政策。不仅废除了粮食出口特别许可证和肯尼迪政府的粮食运输限制,而且和苏联率先在农产品出口问题上达成协议。从1972年起,苏联开始成为美国粮食的长期主顾,对美国国内经济产生了一定影响。粮食贸易联系引起了两国政府的重视。1975年,福特政府和苏联就这一问题重新作出安排,规范了双方此后的粮食往来。目前国内关于冷战期间粮食问题的研究大多集中在美国的援助政策上,对于美苏粮食贸易论述的还相对较少。而这之中介绍性的偏多,进行政策分析的很少。本文主要以美国近几年公开的外交文件、备忘录、报告等档案为依据,在借鉴国内外相关研究成果的基础上,力图将70年代前半期美苏的粮食贸易问题置于东西方冷战的大背景下进行分析,以期揭示美国对苏粮食政策由直接遏制转向间接遏制的实质。本文由绪论、正文和结语构成,其中正文共分为四个部分。第一部分简述了尼克松上台前美国政府对苏联的粮食政策,主要涉及冷战前期的粮食出口特别许可证和美苏首次粮食对话时肯尼迪设定运输限制这两方面。力图说明双方的经济交往不仅取决于各自的发展需要,而且受制于当时活跃的冷战思维。第二部分具体论述了尼克松上任后对外战略的调整和美苏粮食贸易重启的过程及影响。首先,以国际局势转变为切入点分析了美国调整对苏贸易政策的背景和内容,并且从全球粮食状况特别是苏联现实国情、美国农业利益集团和美农业部长厄尔·布茨宣扬自由市场理念三个方面着重论述了美国重新向苏联打开粮食大门的原因。其次,依托档案资料概述了1972年美苏粮食谈判的过程,并且简要介绍了苏联的抢粮活动和美国农业部对此的反应。最后,就抢购引发美国国内粮食通货膨胀,继而实施对大豆、棉籽等农产品的出口禁运进行了剖析,并且在以上论述的基础上总结了美苏粮食贸易重启的影响。第三部分概述了1974-1975年苏联两次向美国购买粮食时福特政府的应对措施,着重叙述了1975年由国务院主导的美苏粮食协定的谈判历程和最终结果。通过对比尼克松政府的应对措施,展示这一时期联邦政策的新特点,即谨慎地对待粮食出口问题,逐渐使苏联成为一个有规律的买主。这之中美国试图运用粮食武器力压苏联,使其在石油价格上作出让步。然而,苏联并不同意将小麦与石油挂钩,美苏只是单就粮食贸易签订了协议。第四部分评析了尼克松—福特政府对苏联粮食贸易政策的成果与缺陷。在前文的基础上辩证地评判了两届政府的政策,包括促进了有限缓和的发展、缓解了国内的部分问题、僵化地应用联系原则和政策的制定缺乏前瞻性等。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to study the grain trade policy of the Nixon Ford government to the Soviet Union and evaluate the achievements and defects of the two government policies. After Nixon took office, the international situation had changed greatly. The United States began to adjust its foreign economic strategy and implemented the policy of self modernization to the Soviet Union in the grain trade. It has not only abolished the special license for grain exports. From the 1972, the Soviet Union began to become a long-term patronage of the United States grain and had a certain impact on the American domestic economy since 1972. The relationship between the two countries has attracted the attention of the two governments for.1975 years, and the Ford government and the Soviet Union asked this question. At present, most of the domestic research on the grain problem during the cold war is focused on the American policy of aid, and the discussion on the US and the Soviet Union is relatively small. On the basis of the foreign documents, memos and reports, and on the basis of the relevant research results at home and abroad, the paper tries to analyze the grain trade of the United States and the Soviet Union in the first half of the 70s under the cold war between the East and the west, in order to reveal the essence of the American Soviet policy of grain from direct containment to indirect containment.
This article is composed of the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The body is divided into four parts.
The first part briefly describes the food policy of the United States government to the Soviet Union before Nixon came to power, mainly involving the two aspects of the special license for grain export in the early cold war and the set of transport restrictions by Kennedy during the first grain dialogue between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cold War mentality.
The second part expounds the process and influence of the adjustment of foreign strategy and the restarting of the US and the Soviet Union's grain trade after Nixon took office. First, the background and content of the adjustment of the United States to the Soviet trade policy are analyzed with the change of the international situation as the breakthrough point, and from the global grain status, especially the reality of the Soviet Union, the American agricultural interest group He Meinong Earl Butz, the Minister of industry, advocated three aspects of the free market concept, and discussed the reasons for the United States to reopen the grain gate to the Soviet Union. Secondly, it summarized the process of the 1972 grain negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union, and briefly introduced the Soviet Union's food robbing activities and the response of the US Department of agriculture to this. Internal grain inflation, and then the implementation of the export of soybean, cottonseed and other agricultural products export embargo was analyzed, and on the basis of the above discussion, the effect of the restarting of the United States and Soviet grain trade was summarized.
The third part outlines the Countermeasures of the Ford government when the Soviet Union buys food from the United States for the two time in the 1974-1975 year, and emphasizes the course of negotiation and the final result of the 1975 food agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, which is dominated by the State Council. By comparing the Countermeasures of the Nixon administration, the new characteristics of the federal policy in this period are shown, that is to treat grain carefully. The issue of exports has gradually made the Soviet Union a regular buyer. The United States is trying to use grain weapons to press the Soviet Union to make concessions on oil prices. However, the Soviet Union did not agree to link wheat to oil, and the US and the Soviet Union only signed an agreement on the grain trade alone.
The fourth part reviews the achievements and defects of the Nixon Ford government on the policy of the Soviet Union's grain trade. On the basis of the previous article, the policy of the two government is judged dialectically, including the promotion of the development of the limited ease, the relief of some problems at home, the lack of forward-looking application of the principles and policies.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D871.2

【参考文献】