美越关系正常化的总体进程

发布时间：2018-06-05 20:32

本文选题：美越关系正常化 + 柬埔寨危机　；参考：《南京大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：越战对越南造成了巨大伤害,也对美国造成了巨大影响,双边关系在越战结束时也一度降到冰点。美国自福特政府开始,对越南执行了长达近20年的孤立和制裁政策。然而在1975年到1995年的不同时期,美国和越南的互动随着国际环境的变化也在悄悄的发生改变。卡特政府时期,美国和越南曾经就建立正常的外交关系而一度接近,然而双方在美国对越南重建援助和越南解决美军战俘和失踪人员问题(POW/MIA)两个议题上僵持不下。正在美国对于亚洲战略中是否应该与越南和解而犹豫不决时,越南与苏联签订友好合作条约,并且在1978年发动了侵略柬埔寨的战争,并且制造了人道主义难民危机。从20世纪70年代末到1995年,美国和越南在外交关系正常化过程中数次调整了战略态度和对外政策。不同议题和战略利益的强度在不同时期发生了变化。同时美国国内不同利益团体的争论以及越共内部不同派别的分歧也对双方政策产生了重要影响。在20世纪80年代,由于越南侵略柬埔寨,美国和国际社会一起对越南进行着制裁和谴责。从里根政府开始,美国政府对越南政策的基础就是要求越南必须撤出柬埔寨撤军和及之后着力解决美国公民关注的战俘和失踪人员的调查问题。20世纪80年代中期之前,越南一直靠着苏联的援助而能够应付在与柬埔寨抵抗力量之间的武装冲突。戈尔巴乔夫的上台标志着苏联的印支政策的调整,这影响了越南作出变化。而随着国际收支的恶化和国内经济的危机,越南在1986年越共“六大”之后开始经济“革新”政策,调整外交政策。随着越南“革新”政策的深入以及越共内部领导层及其外交政策态度的转变,柬埔寨危机解决的曙光出现。上世纪80年代末,国际社会各方力量包括苏联在内开始着手和平解决柬埔寨问题。美国在上世纪80年代末重返印度支那政治舞台,支持东盟和平解决柬埔寨危机的努力。在柬埔寨国内各个政治派别开始谈判时,美国已经积极介入了柬埔寨政治解决议程。在巴黎会议及之后的联合国安理会中,美国都积极发挥了作用。由于和越南对于红色高棉态度渐渐趋于一致,美国在各大国面前对越南和金边政权的态度有了一个重要的转变。为了限制红色高棉在日后成立的柬埔寨联合政府中的作用,美国和越南渐渐达成了一致,而双方的接触也越来越频繁。随着越南在1989年在柬埔寨撤军、巴黎协定签署以及联合国解决方案的出台,进入20世纪90年代的美越关系迅速发展。越南在柬埔寨问题以及战俘和失踪人员方面表现出了合作态度。而同时在美国国内要求和越南建立正常外交关系的声音渐渐在争论中占了多数。鉴于商业利益、解决战俘和失踪人员问题的需要等考虑,美国老布什政府于1991年推出了美越关系分步走的路线图提议。此后,美国和越南的关系大致按照路线图的规划,最终在1995年建交,实现了外交关系的正常化。
[Abstract]:The Vietnam War has caused great harm to Vietnam and has a great impact on the United States. Bilateral relations have also dropped to freezing point at the end of the Vietnam War. Since the Ford administration, the United States has carried out a policy of nearly 20 years of isolation and sanctions against Vietnam. However, during the different periods from 1975 to 1995, the interaction between the United States and Vietnam changed with the international environment. In the Carter administration, the United States and Vietnam were once close to the establishment of normal diplomatic relations, but the two sides deadlocked on two issues in the United States on Vietnam's reconstruction assistance and Vietnam's resolution of the US military prisoners and missing persons (POW/MIA). When it was unsettled, Vietnam and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation, and launched a war of aggression against Kampuchea in 1978, and created a humanitarian refugee crisis.
From the end of 1970s to 1995, the United States and Vietnam have adjusted their strategic attitude and foreign policy several times during the normalization of diplomatic relations. The intensity of different issues and strategic interests has changed in different periods. Meanwhile, the disputes in different interest groups at home in the United States and the differences in the different factions of the Viet Cong are also produced by the two parties. It has an important impact.
In 1980s, as Vietnam invaded Kampuchea, the United States and the international community joined the sanctions and condemnation of Vietnam. From the Reagan administration, the basis of the US government's policy on Vietnam was that Vietnam had to withdraw Kampuchea's withdrawal from the army and the investigation of the prisoners of war and the missing persons focusing on the attention of the citizens of the United States.20. Before the mid 80s, Vietnam had been able to cope with the armed conflict between the Soviet Union and the Kampuchea resistance by the aid of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev came to power to mark the adjustment of the Soviet Indo policy, which affected Vietnam's change. With the deterioration of the balance of payments and the crisis in the domestic economy, Vietnam was in Viet Nam in 1986 "six. With the deepening of the policy of "innovation" and the adjustment of foreign policy, with the deepening of the "innovation" policy of Vietnam and the transformation of the internal leadership and foreign policy attitude of Viet Nam, the dawn of the settlement of the crisis in Kampuchea began. At the end of the 80s of the last century, the international community began to settle the question of peaceful settlement of Kampuchea, including the Soviet Union, including the Soviet Union. The United States returned to the political arena of Indochina in the late 80s of last century to support ASEAN's efforts to resolve the Kampuchea crisis peacefully. The United States had actively intervened in the political settlement of the Kampuchea agenda when all political parties in Kampuchea began to negotiate. In the Paris meeting and after the United Nations Security Council, the United States played an active role. As the attitude towards the Khmer Rouge in Vietnam is gradually consistent with Vietnam, the United States has an important change in the attitude towards Vietnam and the gilt regime in front of the major powers. In order to limit the role of the Khmer Rouge in the Kampuchea coalition government, the United States and Vietnam have gradually reached agreement, and the contacts between the two sides are becoming more and more frequent. Vietnam's withdrawal in Kampuchea in 1989, the signing of the Paris agreement and the introduction of the United Nations solution, and the rapid development of the US Vietnam relations in 1990s. Vietnam has shown a cooperative attitude towards the Kampuchea issue and the prisoners and missing persons, while at the same time the voice of establishing normal diplomatic relations with Vietnam at home is required in the United States. In view of the commercial interests, the need to solve the problem of the prisoners and the missing persons, the US Bush administration launched a road map of the United States and Vietnam in 1991. Since then, the relationship between the United States and Vietnam, in accordance with the plan of the road map, finally established diplomatic relations in 1995 and achieved the normal diplomatic relations. Change.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D871.2

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