冷战后美国东亚战略：底线、挑战与应策，1989-2009

发布时间：2018-06-10 10:06

本文选题：美国 + 东亚　；参考：《吉林大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：冷战结束以来,鉴于东亚地缘战略环境的延续与变迁,美国确立起其在东亚的三重战略利益。美国认为,它在东亚的底线利益面临着两大战略挑战。美国必须运用其手中的三大战略支柱对上述挑战进行战略应对。由此可见,冷战后美国东亚战略即是以“底线-挑战-应策”为线索来展开的。冷战后东亚地缘战略环境呈现出延续性与变迁性相交织的特点。这为冷战后美国东亚战略的制定与运作提供了舞台。由于东亚的地理位置及其战略意义、东亚-太平洋的崛起,东亚之于美国的战略重要性开始了由“重欧轻亚”向“欧亚并重”的过渡,由此显现出冷战后东亚地缘政治格局的延续性与态势的变异性。在延续性方面,东亚依旧分离并处于冷和状态、历史并未在此终结;在变异性方面,美国成为“天下莫与之强”的全球超级大国、中美苏“战略大三角”不复存在、诸多潜在的地区冲突热点开始凸显。面对如此时局,美国确立起其在东亚的三重战略利益:生死攸关的利益、重大利益以及次要利益。冷战后美国在东亚生死攸关的利益主要有三种:确保美国、东亚盟国以及东亚海上通道的安全,防范东亚潜在战略对手的崛起以及防止大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具在东亚的扩散与使用,这三种生死攸关的利益即是冷战后美国东亚战略不可触碰的底线;重要利益也有三种:维护“美国治下”的东亚和平、扩展美国在东亚的经贸利益以及推广“美国式”的自由民主;次要利益亦是三种:打击跨国犯罪、切断毒品交易以及制止非法移民。根据上述战略利益,美国认为,在由东亚新兴力量和不稳定力量引发的一系列潜在威胁和严峻挑战中,最严重的是来自两个方面的战略挑战:一是中国崛起,二系朝鲜问题。这两方面挑战许多年来一直为冷战的铁幕所遮掩着。冷战一告结束,它们就相继浮出水面,日益挑战着美国在东亚生死攸关的利益。不难看出,中国崛起涉及到防范东亚潜在战略对手的崛起的利益,而朝鲜问题则关涉到防止大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具在东亚的扩散与使用的利益。因此,美国认为,美国必须针对上述两大战略挑战进行积极地战略应对。如果对这两大挑战不予重视甚或无视它们,将会使自己处于危险之中。美国对这两大挑战进行战略应对成为其东亚战略的重中之重。针对中国崛起这一挑战,美国确立起“中国挑战论”的对华战略认知,在对华战略应对上,美国游走于战略遏制与战略接触之间,但对华实施预防性防御、和平演变与岛链封锁,仍贯穿了冷战后美国对华战略的始终。针对朝鲜问题这一挑战,美国确立起“朝鲜威胁论”的对朝战略认知,在对朝战略应对上,美国游走于战略威慑与战略对话之间,但两手政策、促使朝鲜重新变天,分而治之、维持半岛的分裂状态,优势主导、避免它国主导半岛事务,仍贯穿了冷战后美国对朝战略的始终。在对上述两大战略挑战进行战略应对的过程中,美国手中握有三大战略支柱可资运用。超强国力构成美国独步天下的力量基础:硬实力稳步增长、软实力逐渐凸显、东亚存在的加强。双边同盟成为美国无可估价的冷战遗产:日益巩固的美日同盟、不断强化的美韩同盟、逐步拓展的美澳同盟。美国通过多边制度来构建地区安全的多维之网:推动双边同盟的多边化、构建地区多边安全机制、参与“第二轨道论坛”。美国希望借此加大参与亚太事务的力度,最大限度地利用冷战时期遗留下来的现有安全结构,竭力影响该地区局势的演变,试图塑造出美国主导的地区新秩序。由上可见,以均势求霸权成为冷战后美国东亚战略的实质。美国将自身战略定位为“离岸平衡手”,试图通过制衡地区霸权挑战国、控制地区内结盟大国来实现护持东亚霸权的战略目标。美国这一东亚新均势战略是霸权国的“分而治之”和盟国的“跟着强者走”的结合使然。那么,究竟何为冷战后美国东亚战略的地缘政治根源呢?答案便是打造坚不可摧的“美国堡垒”、从“担心被包围”到“进行反包围”、“海权对抗陆权”传统的当代演绎。展望冷战后美国东亚战略的未来走向,我们可以察知,美国对东北亚的重视依然、对东南亚的介入加深、对华战略趋向隐蔽化:软性遏制、柔性接触、隐性融合。对此,中国的战略选择应是:“致人而不致于人”、“不战而屈人之兵”、“因利而制权”。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the cold war , the United States has established its triple strategic interests in East Asia in view of the continuation and evolution of the strategic environment in East Asia . The United States believes that its bottom line interests in East Asia face two strategic challenges . The United States must apply its three strategic pillars to strategic response to the above challenges .

The strategic environment of East Asia after the cold war presents the characteristics of continuity and transitional nature . It provides the stage for the formulation and operation of East Asia strategy after the cold war . As the geographical position of East Asia and its strategic significance , the strategic importance of East Asia - Pacific has begun to transition from " heavy Euro light Asia " to " Eurasia " .

In the face of such a situation , the United States has established its triple strategic interests in East Asia : vital interests , vital interests and secondary interests . The United States has three main interests in East Asia after the cold war : to ensure the security of the United States , the East Asian allies and the East Asian maritime corridor , to guard against the rise of potential strategic rivals in East Asia and to prevent the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery in East Asia .

According to the strategic interests mentioned above , the United States believes that in a range of potential threats and serious challenges arising from the emerging forces and instability of East Asia , the most serious is the strategic challenge of the two sides : one is China ' s rise , and the second is the North Korea issue . The United States , in response to the challenge of China ' s rise in strategic response , has made a strategic response to the two major strategic challenges . In response to the challenge of China ' s rise , the United States has established a strategy to prevent the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery in East Asia .

In the process of strategic response to the above - mentioned two strategic challenges , the United States has three strategic pillars that can be used . The ultra - strong national strength forms the power base of the United States : the hard power has steadily increased , and the soft power gradually highlights the strengthening of the East Asia . The United States has made the multi - dimensional network of regional security through multilateral system . The United States hopes to increase its participation in the Asia - Pacific affairs and maximize the existing security structure left over in the cold war period and try to influence the evolution of the situation in the region and try to figure out the new order in the United States - dominated region .

From the point of view , it is the essence of the American East Asia strategy in the post - cold war . The United States will position its own strategy as an " off - shore balance hand " and try to achieve the strategic goal of protecting the hegemony of East Asia by balancing the country ' s hegemony and challenging the country . The new balance strategy in East Asia is the combination of the " divide - by - rule " of the Hegemonic Power and the " follow - up " of the allies .

So what is the geopolitical origins of the East Asian strategy after the Cold War ? The answer is to build an indestructible " United States fortress " , from " fear of being surrounded " to " carrying out anti - siege " , " sea power confrontation land rights " traditional contemporary deduction . Looking forward to the future trend of the United States East Asia strategy after the cold war , we can see that the United States attaches great importance to North - East Asia . It is characterized by soft containment , flexible contact and recessive fusion .
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D871.2

【引证文献】