乌克兰危机后俄罗斯对美国外交政策的调整

发布时间：2018-06-17 18:20

本文选题：俄罗斯 + 美国　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,俄罗斯同以美国为首的西方国家关系的发展一直是国际关系研究的焦点,两大地缘势力间的斗争与合作对国际事务的解决具有巨大影响。乌克兰危机的爆发再次引发了俄罗斯与美国的矛盾与对立,尤其以俄罗斯吞并克里米亚为契机。双边关系降到冷战结束以来的冰点,双方经济制裁与军事威胁相互往来,欧洲安全局势面临自苏联解体以来最激烈的对抗。乌克兰危机将安理会五大常任理事国中的四位大国和欧盟中心国家德国卷入其中,形成美英法德为一方,俄罗斯为对立一方的激烈角逐。与西方关系的恶化及在此基础上的经济制裁令俄罗斯损失惨重,美国所领导的北约步步紧逼成俄罗斯肘腋之患。在俄美关系全面恶化形势下,俄罗斯调整本国对外政策,新保守主义路线主导俄罗斯外交;俄评估北约在本国国家安全中的地位,认为北约重新成为俄罗斯国家安全的首要威胁。为缓解来自西方的压力,俄罗斯加紧推进“向东看”战略,通过建立欧亚经济联盟,提升与金砖国家关系等,加大在东亚、中亚、中东战略布局,期望将本国经济损失降到最低,有效维护国家战略利益。在短期内与西方国家紧张对峙的关系成常态的情势下,俄罗斯对美国政策的调整既是遵从国家利益的需要,也是与西方国家交恶,国家战略空间被严重挤压的情况下的战略突围。但这是否意味着俄罗斯将放弃历来遵循的以西方为中心的外交政策?俄罗斯是否完全转向东方?巨大的现实利益分歧使俄罗斯与美国关系一时无法修复,在克里米亚法律地位问题上双方分歧难以弥合,克里米亚问题成为两国关系的死结,美欧将继续执行对俄高压政策;俄不会允许该领土得而复失,俄罗斯对美外交政策前景趋于保守,俄战略重心将进一步向东倾斜,俄对美外交政策难以趋于缓和。从历史经验和文明认同来看,俄罗斯不会放弃与西方交好的努力,俄罗斯对美国外交政策的调整战术性多于战略性,双方关系存在修好的可能,对美国外交政仍占据其外交视野的最重要位置。本文将通过梳理俄罗斯近年对美国外交政策的历史脉络、调整原因、政策内容、政策前景来阐述乌克兰危机前后俄罗斯外交政策的变化。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the development of the relations between Russia and the western countries led by the United States has been the focus of international relations research. The struggle and cooperation between the two major geographical forces have a great impact on the settlement of international affairs. The outbreak of Ukraine crisis once again triggered the contradiction and confrontation between Russia and the United States, especially with Russia's annexation of Crimea as an opportunity. Bilateral relations have fallen to freezing points since the end of the cold war, economic sanctions and military threats have interacted with each other, and the security situation in Europe faces its fiercest confrontation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Ukraine crisis has drawn four of the five permanent members of the Security Council and Germany, the central EU country, into a fierce race between the United States, Britain, France and Germany, and Russia as the opposing side. The deterioration of relations with the West and the economic sanctions on that basis have left Russia with heavy losses, and the U.S.-led NATO is pressing its elbows. Under the overall deterioration of Russian-US relations, Russia has adjusted its foreign policy, the neo-conservative line has dominated Russian diplomacy, and Russia has assessed NATO's position in its national security. NATO is seen as a prime threat to Russia's national security. In order to ease the pressure from the West, Russia has stepped up its strategy of "looking eastward," through the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union and the enhancement of its relations with the BRICS countries, so as to increase the strategic layout in East Asia and the Middle East. Expect to minimize the country's economic losses and effectively safeguard the country's strategic interests. In a situation in which tense and confrontational relations with Western countries become the norm in the short term, Russia's adjustment of its policy towards the United States is not only the need to comply with the interests of the country, but also a bad relationship with the Western countries. National strategic space is seriously squeezed under the circumstances of strategic breakthrough. But does this mean that Russia will abandon its Western-centric foreign policy? Is Russia completely turning east? The huge differences of interests between Russia and the United States make it impossible to repair the relations between Russia and the United States for a time, and it is difficult to bridge the differences between the two sides on the issue of the legal status of Crimea. The Crimean issue has become a dead knot in the relations between the two countries. Russia will not allow the territory to gain and lose again. The prospect of Russia's foreign policy toward the United States tends to be conservative, Russia's strategic focus will be further tilted eastward, and Russia's foreign policy toward the United States will be difficult to ease. Judging from historical experience and civilized identification, Russia will not give up its efforts to make good friends with the West. Russia has more tactical than strategic adjustments to US foreign policy, and there is a possibility of rapprochement between the two sides. Foreign policy towards the United States still occupies the most important position in its diplomatic horizon. This paper expounds the changes of Russia's foreign policy before and after the Ukraine crisis by combing the historical context of Russia's foreign policy towards the United States in recent years, adjusting the reasons, the policy content and the policy prospect.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D851.2;D871.2

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