19世纪50年代美国对古巴政策研究

发布时间：2018-06-20 10:17

本文选题：“熟果”政策 + 大陆扩张　；参考：《山东师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：美国独立之后，华盛顿总统制定了“孤立主义”的外交政策，以防止美国卷入欧洲大陆的纷争。但是进入19世纪之后，随着实力的增长，美国便一直想把西班牙的殖民地古巴纳入版图。几位建国先驱都有将古巴并入联邦的言论。但是由于自身实力的原因，美国暂时没有实力与欧洲列强（主要是英国）争夺古巴。19世纪20年代，时任国务卿的约翰·昆西·亚当斯提出了针对古巴问题的“熟果”政策：在美国没有能力占有古巴时，暂时让西班牙统治古巴，同时反对任何欧洲强国改变古巴统治权的行为，待到时机成熟时，兼并古巴。随后出台的《门罗宣言》则是“熟果”政策的进一步扩展，把扩张范围从古巴扩大到整个拉丁美洲。进入19世纪30、40年代后，在“天定命运”口号的号召下，美国通过大陆扩张获取了众多领土。“青年美国”运动把建立美国式政治制度融合于扩张之中，为美国未来的扩张指明了方向。在地缘政治上占有重要地位的古巴，自然引起了扩张主义分子的浓厚兴趣，吞并古巴不但可以占有战略要地，而且南方的种植园主还可以增加政治实力。此时的美国已没有耐心，等待古巴自然而然的落入自己的怀抱。 19世纪上半期的西班牙社会动乱，封建地主阶级仍占统治地位，资本主义力量弱小。作为殖民帝国的西班牙，海外殖民地对其有重要意义。西班牙政府靠对殖民地的横征暴敛来弥补国内的财政赤字，而古巴在其中占有重要地位。与古巴的贸易也具有重要意义，富饶的古巴给母国提供了充足的原材料和税收收入。法兰西第一帝国时期，西班牙本土被法国占领，西班牙与拉丁美洲殖民地被隔绝。1810年，多洛雷斯的呼声拉开了拉丁美洲独立战争的序幕。西班牙的殖民统治土崩瓦解，残存的殖民势力退到了古巴岛，岛上的反动势力异常强大，因而古巴没能独立。古巴岛内爆发了多次奴隶起义，但都被镇压了下去。激烈的社会矛盾促使部分古巴种植园主产生了独立或者合并到美国去的想法。于是有了“洛佩斯的远征”，但是美国隶属于辉格党的菲尔莫尔政府严守中立法，远征也得不到古巴人民的支持，最终失败了。但是却得到了美国南方企图扩张奴隶制的蓄奴主义者的支持。古巴问题逐渐与美国南北双方关于奴隶制的争论联系在一起。民主党的皮尔斯政府上台后，代表南方种植园主利益，积极开展吞并古巴的行动。国务卿威廉马西授意美国驻英公使詹姆斯布坎南、驻法公使詹姆斯梅森和驻西班牙公使皮埃尔·苏莱讨论美国对古巴政策。三位公使制定了《奥斯坦德宣言》，提出了旨在购买、如果西班牙拒绝出售，就用武力夺取的策略。《奥斯坦德宣言》成为此后美国对古巴政策的基石，甚至19世纪末的美西战争都能看到它的影子。这个宣言由于当时国内外的反对，暂时破产了。但是一旦时机成熟便会死灰复燃。詹姆斯布坎南因为参与制定《奥斯坦德宣言》而被南方民主党势力看重，，在1856年当选美国总统。布坎南成为总统后，提出《3000万美元购买案》，企图购买古巴。最终遭到北方议员的反对而无果而终。至此美国对古巴政策在内战前告一段落。19世纪50年代美国对古巴政策影响深远，在一定程度上加速了美国内战的爆发。本文的主要内容即是探讨19世纪50年代美国对古巴政策的转变，及其对双方的影响。
[Abstract]:After the United States independence , President Washington laid out a foreign policy of " isolationism " to prevent America ' s involvement in the European continent . But after entering the 19th century , the United States has always wanted to include Spain ' s colonial Cuba . In the 1920s , the United States was temporarily unable to compete against Cuba .
After entering the 1930s and 1940s , under the slogan of " Tianding destiny " , the United States acquired a large number of territories through continental expansion . " Young American " moved the establishment of American - style political systems into expansion , pointing directions for the future expansion of the United States . Cuba , which has an important position in the geopolitical position , has naturally caused the keen interest of expansionism , and it can also increase political power . The United States is impatient to wait for Cuba to naturally fall into its own arms .
In the first half of the 19th century , the Spanish social unrest , the feudal landlord class still occupied the dominant position , and the capitalist power was weak . As a colonial empire Spain , the Overseas Territories had an important role . The Spanish government had provided ample raw materials and tax revenues to the country . In 1810 , Spain was occupied by France , and Spain and the Latin American colonies were isolated . In 1810 , Spain ' s colonial rule collapsed and the remaining colonial powers returned to the island of Cuba . The reactionary forces on the island were unusually strong , so that Cuba was not independent .
There have been a number of slavery in the island of Cuba , but it has been suppressed . The bitter social contradictions have prompted some of the Cuban plantation owners to produce ideas that are independent or merged into the United States . However , the United States is subordinate to the Federal Republic of Whig ' s Fillmore Government , which has failed . But it has been supported by the American South trying to expand slavery . The question of Cuba has been linked to the debate on slavery in the North and South America .
After the Democratic Party ' s Pierce government came to power , he took part in the actions of annexation of Cuba on behalf of the main interests of the South plantation . The U.S . ambassador to Britain , William Masire , gave James Mason and the Spanish official to discuss the United States policy of Cuba . The Declaration of the Soviet Union had become the cornerstone of the United States policy on Cuba , and even the American - West war at the end of the 19th century could see its shadow . The declaration was temporarily bankrupt because of the opposition at home and abroad .
In 1856 , he was elected President of the United States because of the involvement of the Democratic Forces of the South in the development of the declaration of the Constitution . The United States , after becoming president in 1856 , made an attempt to buy Cuba . The United States ended the civil war in the 1950 ' s . The main content of this article is to probe into the transformation of the United States policy towards Cuba in the 1950 ' s and its impact on both sides .
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D871.2

【参考文献】