1980年代中国外交战略调整研究

发布时间：2018-08-06 09:03

【摘要】：本文从中国共产党的治国理政角度全面回顾总结1980年代中国外交战略调整的背景、历程、内容、成就、影响及启示。 20世纪70年代末以后，随着国际、国内形势的变化，以“三个世界划分理论”为指导的“一条线”外交战略已显现出越加明显的局限性，因为它的理论思维模式还是产生于国内革命战争时期的革命统一战线策略，在一定程度上忽略了二战后世界和平与发展的基本趋势，忽略了战后科技革命对生产力的发展、对加速经济全球化的影响；对时代性质的判定未能随着时代的发展而前进，在战争与和平问题上，过度夸大了世界战争的危险，强调了战争的紧迫性，与国际形势的发展和国内工作重心的转移不相适应，，因此需要加以调整。从外交战略调整的背景和历程看，进入1980年代，国内国际形势都发生了重大变化，客观上要求调整中国外交战略，改变20世纪70年代的联美反苏的“一条线”战略。在国内，党和国家的工作重点从以阶级斗争为纲转向到以经济建设为中心，实行对内改革、对外开放政策。这就需要外交工作的积极配合，为新时期的战略任务创造有利的国际条件。在国际上，苏联由于陷入阿富汗战场，内外交困，国力下降，在与美国争霸世界中力不从心，被迫调整内外政策；美国则反守为攻，咄咄逼人。在这种新的国际形势下，继续联美反苏，显然不利于国际战略力量平衡，不利于维护世界和平与稳定。同时，在主观上，随着解放思想、实事求是的思想路线的确立，以邓小平同志为核心的第二代中央领导集体对建国以来的对外战略进行了认真深刻的反思，对世情、国情的把握越来越熟练，对中国社会主义建设道路的探索越来越成功。这些国际、国内，主观、客观等多种因素推动了中国外交战略的调整。 1980年代中国外交战略的调整具有丰富的内涵，主要包括两个层面：一是外交理念的创新，具体又包括时代观、结盟观、开放观、外交目标、外交原则、领土冲突解决等方面。这个层面的调整最为深刻，影响也更加持久；二是在新外交理念指导下对外战略和对外关系的调整，具体又包括：中国调整了对美国、苏联、日本、欧共体等国家和地区的关系，与苏联实现了关系正常化，与美国适当拉开了距离，不再搞战略关系，中国还调整了与周边国家的关系，与发展中国国家的关系，与联合国为代表的国际组织的关系。总而言之，这次调整是全方位的、多领域的。 1980年代的中国外交战略调整取得了重大成就。首先，为改革开放和现代化建设创造了和平的国际环境，极大地促进了国内经济社会发展，增强了中国的综合国力，提高了中国的国际地位。这次外交战略调整更为深远的意义在于，使中国得以成功应对80年代末国内风波造成的对中国国际处境的不利影响和90年代初苏联解体、东欧剧变带来的国际形势动荡，迅速适应了冷战结束所带来的世界格局的变化，从而推进了中国外交在后冷战时期继续顺利作为、继续顺利发展。 1980年代的中国外交战略调整，对当前和未来的中国共产党对外战略的制定具有诸多有益启示。最为关键的是，要加强和改进中国共产党对外交工作的集中统一领导；要解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、开拓创新，不断创新中国特色社会主义外交理论和实践，不墨守成规；要坚持统筹国际国内两个大局，在国际国内形势的相互转化中把握机遇，应对挑战，化解风险，管控热点问题，不断提高正确处理国际事务、应对国际局势的能力；要坚持开展全方位外交，同所有的国家都来往，广交朋友，不当头，不扛旗，不树敌，超越社会制度和意识形态的分歧。对外工作的出发点和落脚点，归根结底是为了维护中华民族的根本利益，实现中华民族的伟大复兴。
[Abstract]:This article reviews and summarizes the background, course, content, achievements, influence and Enlightenment of China's diplomatic strategy adjustment in 1980s from the perspective of the Communist Party of China's governance.
After the late 1970s, with the changes in the international and domestic situation, the "one line" diplomatic strategy, guided by the "three world division theory", has shown more obvious limitations, because its theoretical mode of thinking or the strategy of the revolutionary united front in the period of the revolutionary war in China has been neglected to a certain extent by two. The basic trend of world peace and development after the war has neglected the impact of the post-war technological revolution on the development of productive forces and the acceleration of economic globalization; the judgment of the nature of the times has not moved forward with the development of the times. On the issue of war and peace, it overstates the danger of the war in the world, emphasizes the urgency of the war and the international situation. The development is not compatible with the shift of the focus of domestic work, and therefore needs to be adjusted.
From the background and course of the adjustment of diplomatic strategy, in 1980s, the domestic and international situation has changed greatly. Objectively, the Chinese diplomatic strategy should be adjusted and the "one line" strategy of the United States and the Soviet Union in 1970s is changed. In China, the focus of the work of the party and the state is to take the class struggle as the key to the economic construction. To carry out the internal reform and open the policy of opening to the outside world, it is necessary to cooperate actively in diplomatic work and create favorable international conditions for the strategic task of the new period. In the international world, the Soviet Union is forced to adjust the internal and external policies in the fight against the United States in the war of Afghanistan, the internal and external difficulties, the decline of national strength, and the internal and external policies of the United States in the world of hegemony. Under this new international situation, the continuation of the United States and the Soviet Union is obviously not conducive to the balance of the international strategic force and the maintenance of world peace and stability. At the same time, with the establishment of the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts on the subjective side, the second generation of central leadership of the second generation of central leadership at the core of Comrade Deng Xiaoping's foreign war since the founding of the people's Republic of China It has been a serious and profound reflection, the understanding of the world and the national conditions is becoming more and more proficient, and the exploration of the road of China's socialist construction is becoming more and more successful. These international, domestic, subjective and objective factors have promoted the adjustment of China's diplomatic strategy.
The adjustment of China's diplomatic strategy in 1980s has a rich connotation, mainly including two aspects: first, the innovation of the diplomatic concept, including the concept of the times, the view of alliance, the view of opening up, the diplomatic goal, the diplomatic principle, the settlement of the territorial conflict and so on. The adjustment of this level is the most profound and the influence is more lasting; the two is the new diplomatic concept. China has adjusted its relations with the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, the European Community and other countries, normalizing relations with the Soviet Union, opening up a distance with the United States, no longer engaging in strategic relations, and adjusting relations with the neighboring countries and developing China's relations with the countries of China. In general, the adjustment is comprehensive and multidisciplinary.
The adjustment of China's diplomatic strategy in 1980s made great achievements. First, it created a peaceful international environment for reform and opening up and modernization, greatly promoted domestic economic and social development, strengthened China's comprehensive national strength and increased China's international status. The more far-reaching significance of this diplomatic strategy adjustment is to make China have to In order to successfully cope with the adverse effects on China's international situation in the late 80s and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 90s, the upheaval of the international situation brought about by the upheaval in Eastern Europe quickly adapted to the changes in the world pattern brought about by the end of the cold war, and thus promoted the smooth development of China's diplomacy during the cold war.
The adjustment of China's diplomatic strategy in 1980s has many beneficial implications for the formulation of the current and future Chinese Communist Party's foreign strategy. The most important thing is to strengthen and improve the centralized and unified leadership of the Chinese Communist Party's diplomatic work, to emancipate the mind, to seek truth from facts, to develop and innovate, and to innovate the social owners of Chinese characteristics. The theory and practice of righteous diplomacy are not conservative. We should stick to the two overall international and domestic situations, seize the opportunities in the international and domestic situation, deal with the challenges, resolve the risks, control the hot issues, and constantly improve the ability to deal with international affairs correctly and deal with the international situation. The starting points and foothold of foreign work are to safeguard the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation and to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D232;D822.3

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