小布什的中东民主战略探析
发布时间：2018-08-31 14:29
【摘要】：长期以来,美国一直把支持和扩大民主化作为对外政策的主要目标。美国将战略重心进一步锁定在中东。在此背景下,对美国中东政策的评估,从某种意义上来说就成为评估当前美国在全球战略处境的最佳范本。中东地区宗教派别林立,民族之间矛盾复杂多变,这在某种程度上加紧了美国在中东推行民主战略的步伐。2004年2月初,美国正式宣布“大中东民主”计划。该计划除包括阿盟22个成员国外,还囊括了以色列、土耳其、巴基斯坦和阿富汗等地区,美国进一步将推行中东民主的范围扩大了。“9·11”事件为布什政府加紧在中东推行民主提供了强劲的动力。“9·11”事件对美国来说是一个沉重的打击,但也为其调整对外政策提供了机会。自小布什上台以后,美国政府中东政策的一个核心支柱就是促进民主,为了在中东推行有效的民主制度,布什政府一方面发动伊拉克战争以此来推翻萨达姆政权,震慑中东敌对国家,树立民主的样板;另一方面就是推行酝酿已久的大中东民主计划。 本文试着从三个部分来分析美国在中东推行民主战略的原因、措施和途径、以及美国在中东推行民主后产生的影响和对此民主战略的评价。 第一部分:小布什上台后在中东推行民主战略的原因,本部分主要是从美国和中东自身找原因,阐述了美国在中东实施民主战略的原因。首先,美国自身的原因,本文从五部分论证了美国在中东推行民主的原因,(1)美国强大的经济实力是推行中东民主战略的物质基础。(2)美国极力打造单极世界的战略目标是推行中东民主战略的基本驱动力。(3)美国的宗教是推行中东民主战略的思想诱因。(4)美国的价值观是推行中东民主战略的政治文化因素。(5)小布什的个人意志是推行中东民主战略的主观因素。其次,中东自身的原因,本文从三部分论述了中东自身的原因,(1)中东地区的战略资源和地缘政治。(2)中东地区的宗教冲突成为美国推行民主的契机。(3)打击恐怖主义成为美国推行民主的幌子。 第二部分:小布什任期时美国在中东推行民主战略的途径与措施。美国在推进中东民主化进程中所使用的手段可谓无所不用其极:开动宣传机器、支持和扶植反对派、提供资金和法律援助、帮助培训和派出竞选问题专家、直接以武力推翻“专制政权”或以“政权更迭”相威胁等等。本文从四个方面论述了美国在中东推行民主的措施和途径。即:(1)传播美国文化,进行文化渗透。(2)在中东树立美国的民主样板,培植亲美势力。(3)施加外交压力。(4)制定大中东民主改造计划。 第三部分:美国的中东民主战略对中东地区的影响及评价。这部分主要是写到美国的中东民主战略对中东地区产生的影响,以及对民主战略的评价。对中东地区的影响讲的主要是:(1)对中东“民主典范”地区产生的影响(2)对中东政治模式的影响(3)对中东地区政治局势的影响(4)对中东地区国家与美国关系的影响。对美国的中东民主战略的评价主要是从四个方面论述的即:(1)小布什的民主战略渐入困境。(2)美国推行民主没有给中东带来和平。(3)美国在民主问题上搞双重标准,使其“民主”失去可信性。(4)美国的“大中东计划”骑虎难下。 布什政府的中东政策既有所得手,更面临挑战。伊拉克重建、巴以和平进程、伊朗核问题,最有希望“创造和平、稳定和民主的外交政策业绩”,但也“最有可能演变成流血、动荡、油价上涨以及冲突与恐怖加剧的后果”。今后,美将在中东消耗更多的经济、军事和外交资源,扩展民主将立足长远。中东民主虽然出现过短暂的春天,但并不能表明美国在中东推行美式民主就是进步,而这只能说明其在短暂时期内在中东地区有了发展,但是结合历史和中东的实际情况,从中东未来的发展走势来看,美国的民主在中东的发展还是会受到更大的挑战。
[Abstract]:The United States has long regarded supporting and expanding democratization as the main objective of its foreign policy. The United States has further focused its strategic focus on the Middle East. Against this background, the assessment of its Middle East policy has, in a sense, become the best model for assessing the current strategic situation of the United States in the world. In early February 2004, the United States officially announced the Greater Middle East Democracy Plan, which includes 22 member states of the League of Arab States, as well as Israel, Turkey, Pakistan and Afghanistan, and will be further implemented by the United States. Democracy in the Middle East has expanded. The September 11 incident has provided a strong impetus for the Bush administration to step up its efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East. The September 11 incident has dealt a heavy blow to the United States, but also provided an opportunity for it to adjust its foreign policy. In order to promote effective democracy in the Middle East, on the one hand, the Bush administration launched the Iraq War to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime, to deter hostile countries in the Middle East and to set up a model for democracy, on the other hand, to implement the long-awaited Greater Middle East Democracy Plan.
This paper tries to analyze the reasons, measures and approaches for the implementation of American democratic strategy in the Middle East from three aspects, as well as the impact and evaluation of American democratic strategy in the Middle East.
The first part is about the reasons why the United States carried out its democratic strategy in the Middle East after George W. Bush came to power. The first part is about the reasons why the United States carried out its democratic strategy in the Middle East. (3) The religion of the United States is the ideological incentive for the implementation of the Middle East democratic strategy. (4) The values of the United States are the political and cultural factors for the implementation of the Middle East democratic strategy. (5) Bush's personal will is to push forward. Secondly, the reasons of the Middle East itself are discussed in three parts. (1) The strategic resources and geopolitics of the Middle East. (2) Religious conflicts in the Middle East have become an opportunity for the United States to pursue democracy. (3) The fight against terrorism has become a cover for the United States to pursue democracy.
The second part is about the ways and measures of American democratic strategy in the Middle East during Bush's term of office. This paper discusses the measures and approaches for the United States to promote democracy in the Middle East from four aspects, namely: (1) spreading American culture and infiltrating culture; (2) setting up a model of American democracy and fostering pro-American forces in the Middle East. (3) exerting diplomatic pressure. (4) formulating a plan for democratic transformation in the Greater Middle East.
The third part: the impact and evaluation of American Middle East Democracy Strategy on the Middle East region. This part mainly describes the impact of American Middle East Democracy Strategy on the Middle East region, as well as the evaluation of democratic strategy. (3) the influence on the political situation in the Middle East. (4) the influence on the relations between the countries in the Middle East and the United States. The standard of democracy has lost credibility. (4) the "Greater Middle East Plan" of the United States is hard to come by.
The Bush administration's Middle East policy is both gainful and challenging. The reconstruction of Iraq, the peace process between Palestine and Israel, the Iranian nuclear issue, the most promising "foreign policy achievements in creating peace, stability and democracy", but also "the most likely consequences of bloodshed, instability, rising oil prices, and intensified conflict and terror." In the future, the United States will disappear in the Middle East. Democracy in the Middle East, despite its brief spring, does not mean that America's pursuit of American-style democracy in the Middle East is progress. This can only show that it has developed in the Middle East in a short period of time, but not in the Middle East in the light of history and the actual situation in the Middle East. From the perspective of development trend, the development of democracy in the Middle East will still face greater challenges.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D815.4;D871.2
本文编号：2215272
[Abstract]:The United States has long regarded supporting and expanding democratization as the main objective of its foreign policy. The United States has further focused its strategic focus on the Middle East. Against this background, the assessment of its Middle East policy has, in a sense, become the best model for assessing the current strategic situation of the United States in the world. In early February 2004, the United States officially announced the Greater Middle East Democracy Plan, which includes 22 member states of the League of Arab States, as well as Israel, Turkey, Pakistan and Afghanistan, and will be further implemented by the United States. Democracy in the Middle East has expanded. The September 11 incident has provided a strong impetus for the Bush administration to step up its efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East. The September 11 incident has dealt a heavy blow to the United States, but also provided an opportunity for it to adjust its foreign policy. In order to promote effective democracy in the Middle East, on the one hand, the Bush administration launched the Iraq War to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime, to deter hostile countries in the Middle East and to set up a model for democracy, on the other hand, to implement the long-awaited Greater Middle East Democracy Plan.
This paper tries to analyze the reasons, measures and approaches for the implementation of American democratic strategy in the Middle East from three aspects, as well as the impact and evaluation of American democratic strategy in the Middle East.
The first part is about the reasons why the United States carried out its democratic strategy in the Middle East after George W. Bush came to power. The first part is about the reasons why the United States carried out its democratic strategy in the Middle East. (3) The religion of the United States is the ideological incentive for the implementation of the Middle East democratic strategy. (4) The values of the United States are the political and cultural factors for the implementation of the Middle East democratic strategy. (5) Bush's personal will is to push forward. Secondly, the reasons of the Middle East itself are discussed in three parts. (1) The strategic resources and geopolitics of the Middle East. (2) Religious conflicts in the Middle East have become an opportunity for the United States to pursue democracy. (3) The fight against terrorism has become a cover for the United States to pursue democracy.
The second part is about the ways and measures of American democratic strategy in the Middle East during Bush's term of office. This paper discusses the measures and approaches for the United States to promote democracy in the Middle East from four aspects, namely: (1) spreading American culture and infiltrating culture; (2) setting up a model of American democracy and fostering pro-American forces in the Middle East. (3) exerting diplomatic pressure. (4) formulating a plan for democratic transformation in the Greater Middle East.
The third part: the impact and evaluation of American Middle East Democracy Strategy on the Middle East region. This part mainly describes the impact of American Middle East Democracy Strategy on the Middle East region, as well as the evaluation of democratic strategy. (3) the influence on the political situation in the Middle East. (4) the influence on the relations between the countries in the Middle East and the United States. The standard of democracy has lost credibility. (4) the "Greater Middle East Plan" of the United States is hard to come by.
The Bush administration's Middle East policy is both gainful and challenging. The reconstruction of Iraq, the peace process between Palestine and Israel, the Iranian nuclear issue, the most promising "foreign policy achievements in creating peace, stability and democracy", but also "the most likely consequences of bloodshed, instability, rising oil prices, and intensified conflict and terror." In the future, the United States will disappear in the Middle East. Democracy in the Middle East, despite its brief spring, does not mean that America's pursuit of American-style democracy in the Middle East is progress. This can only show that it has developed in the Middle East in a short period of time, but not in the Middle East in the light of history and the actual situation in the Middle East. From the perspective of development trend, the development of democracy in the Middle East will still face greater challenges.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D815.4;D871.2
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