战后至建国前美苏对华政策演变研究

发布时间：2018-09-03 18:37

【摘要】：作为世界上具有重要国际地位和世界影响的大国,中美俄之间的关系直接影响着国际格局的演变。为了更清楚的研究建国以后中国共产党的外交政策。对建国前的中美苏关系进行分析和总结是十分有必要的。特别是抗日战争胜利后,在其对华政策的历史特征基础上,依据各自利益,战后国际格局的发展以及中国国内局势的变化,美苏两国分别调整了其对华政策,并围绕中国的东北、外蒙古、新疆问题展开激烈斗争,从而使得中国在1945年至1949年错综复杂的远东国际格局中处于非常重要的地位。因此,将美苏冷战和国共内战相结合,从三国四方的视角对战后至建国前美苏与华关系进行研究,有助于我们从国际背景中客观正确的看待战后中国革命的走向,国共双方对外政策的转变和新中国外交政策的选择。从历史上看,沙俄注重对中国领土的扩张与控制,苏联在一定时期内继承了这一特点,但是美国更重视对华经济扩张。1945年世界反法西斯战争的胜利改变了国际格局,出于保持中国国内政治局势和保证其在华利益及特权的目的,在《雅尔塔秘密协定》中,美苏就中国问题达成共识,并划分了两国在远东的势力范围。随后《中苏友好同盟条约》的签订更是明确的在牺牲中国利益的基础上,美苏以国际法形式确立了他们在远东利益的划分,并共同确立了援助‘蒋介石的中国’的对华政策。但是随着战争的结束,美苏呈现日益激烈的对抗,在中国问题上,其共同援蒋政策也面临危机,特别是围绕中国东北、外蒙古和新疆问题,美苏展开激烈争夺并分别调整其对华政策,与美国不同,苏联在中国东北给予中共更多的支持。虽然面对战后中国国内局势的恶化,在莫斯科外长会议上美苏再次达成妥协,美国并派出马歇尔赴华调停国共矛盾,然而随着美苏对抗的加剧和中苏矛盾的尖锐化,以苏联撤军东北为标志,美苏共同援蒋政策宣告破裂。中国内战全面爆发后,敌视中共成为美国的基本对华政策,而与之鲜明对照的是苏联日益支持中国共产党领导的中国革命,直至率先承认新中国,美苏对华政策由此走向完全对立。因此新中国成立后,在美苏冷战的背景下,中国站在了以苏联为首的社会主义阵营一方,坚持“一边倒”的外交方针,中苏关系进入了全面发展的新时期;而以拒绝承认新中国为开端,中美开始了长达二十余年的隔绝状态,直至1972年尼克松访华,中美关系才走上了正常化道路。
[Abstract]:As a big country with important international status and world influence, the relationship between China, America and Russia directly influences the evolution of international pattern. In order to more clearly study the foreign policy of the Chinese Communist Party after the founding of the people's Republic of China. It is necessary to analyze and summarize the relations between China and the Soviet Union before the founding of the people's Republic of China. In particular, after the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan, on the basis of the historical characteristics of its China policy, according to their respective interests, the development of the postwar international structure and the changes in China's domestic situation, the United States and the Soviet Union respectively adjusted their China policies. And the fierce struggle around Northeast China, Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang makes China in a very important position in the intricate international pattern of far East from 1945 to 1949. Therefore, combining the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and studying the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union and China from the perspective of the three parties, will help us to objectively and correctly view the trend of the post-war Chinese revolution from the international background. The change of the foreign policy of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the choice of the foreign policy of the people's Republic of China. Historically, Czarist Russia paid attention to the expansion and control of China's territory. The Soviet Union inherited this feature within a certain period of time, but the United States attached more importance to economic expansion with China. The victory of the world anti-fascist war in 1945 changed the international pattern. In order to maintain China's domestic political situation and guarantee its interests and privileges in China, in the Yalta Secret Agreement, the United States and the Soviet Union reached a consensus on the issue of China and divided the two countries' spheres of influence in the far East. Subsequently, the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between China and the Soviet Union made it clear that on the basis of sacrificing the interests of China, the United States and Soviet Union established the division of their interests in the far East in the form of international law, and jointly established the China policy of aiding Jiang Jieshi's China. However, with the end of the war, the United States and the Soviet Union became increasingly confrontational. On the issue of China, its joint aid to Chiang was also facing a crisis, especially around the issues of northeast China, Outer Mongolia and Xinjiang. Unlike the United States, the Soviet Union gave more support to the Communist Party of China in Northeast China. In the face of the deterioration of the domestic situation in China after the war, the United States reached another compromise at the Moscow Foreign Ministers' meeting, and the United States sent Marshall to China to mediate the contradictions between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. However, with the intensification of the US-Soviet confrontation and the sharpening of the contradiction between China and the Soviet Union, Marked by the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Northeast, the United States and the Soviet Union broke up their joint aid policy with Chiang. After the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, hostility to the CPC became the basic policy of the United States toward China. In contrast, the Soviet Union increasingly supported the Chinese revolution led by the Communist Party of China until it was the first to recognize the new China. Therefore, the US and Soviet Union's China policy is completely opposite. Therefore, after the founding of New China, under the background of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, China stood on the side of the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union and adhered to the "one-sided" diplomatic policy, and Sino-Soviet relations entered a new period of all-round development. With the refusal to recognize the new China as the beginning, China and the United States began a state of isolation for more than 20 years. It was not until Nixon visited China in 1972 that Sino-US relations embarked on the road of normalization.
【学位授予单位】：新疆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D829

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