19-20世纪巴格达犹太社团研究
发布时间：2018-10-29 09:14
【摘要】：中东城市是犹太文化的重要载体,犹太文明借此空间得以传播扩散。历史上,犹太人曾为中东城市文明作出不可估量的贡献。巴格达犹太社团是中东历史上存在时间最长、社团规模最大、影响最为深远的犹太人社团,该社团曾长期作为世界犹太教中心而存在。 19-20世纪是巴格达犹太社团发展的重要历史时期。随着奥斯曼帝国现代化进程的深入；大英国帝国影响力加深；与世界其他地区犹太人联系日益密切,古老的巴格达犹太社团经历了巨大社会变迁。英国委任统治后,巴格达社团迎来了近千年历史上少有的黄金期。人口自然增长率猛增；职业选择更为广泛；教育程度迅速提高。然而,20世纪40年代末伊拉克反犹民众浪潮持续高涨,拥有1300多年历史的巴格达犹太社团迅速退出了历史舞台。有鉴于19-20世纪在巴格达犹太社团发展史中的重要性,本文在回顾巴格达犹太社团近千年历史的同时,试从政治、经济与文化三方面论述19-20世纪巴格达犹太社团在西方文明冲击下发生的巨大变迁。最后揭示巴格达犹太社团衰亡的原因。含绪论和结语,文章共分七个部分进行论述。 绪论部分,主要交代了本篇论文的研究价值和国内外学者关于本选题的研究状况。论文指出,国外学术界对中东地区伊斯兰世界犹太社团的研究起步较早,尤其是2003年伊拉克战争后,西方学术界更是掀起了一股研究“伊拉克犹太人”的热潮,诸多相关主题著作相继问世,不过这些著作多集中宏观历史研究。此外,尚未发现国内学者在巴格达犹太社团方面的专题著作、论文。 正文分为五部分。 第一部分主要探讨了19世纪以前,犹太社团在巴格达的建立与发展,并对19-20世纪巴格达犹太社团的组织结构、人口数量和职业分布等进行了评述。论文指出早在公元245年以前,犹太社团就已经在巴格达地区建立。公元762年阿巴斯王朝迁都巴格达后,该社团的历史命运与巴格达城的兴衰紧密联系在一起。19世纪坦齐马特改革后,奥斯曼帝国恢复对伊拉克直接统治,在稳定的城市环境下,巴格达犹太社团得以复兴并走向繁荣。社团领导层、慈善机构、犹太教会堂共同构成了这一时期巴格达犹太社团的基本运行组织。期间,社团人口迅速上升,犹太人的职业结构变得更加广泛,阶层分化也更加明显。 第二部分主要对19-20世纪巴格达犹太人的政治状况进行了论述。论文指出,随着西方影响的加强,奥斯曼帝国崩溃,英国委任统治以及伊拉克王国的建立,巴格达犹太人的政治地位获得很大改善,伊拉克政府的一些公职开始向犹太人开放。此外,巴格达犹太人像世界其他地区的犹太人一样开展了重建国家的犹太复国主义运动,成立了各种组织,并为实现其政治目标而奋斗。同时,20世纪40年代起,伊拉克共产党为众多巴格达犹太青年提供了政治平台。 第三部分对巴格达犹太人在商业、金融和国际贸易方面的状况进行了评述。指出在西方殖民主义冲击下,当伊斯兰商人在商业、金融和国际贸易方面普遍衰落之时,巴格达犹太人的经济活动却依然非常活跃。论文分析了巴格达犹太人在经济领域较城市中其他民族团体遭受西方消极影响较少主要得益于两方面因素：一为巴格达犹太人在语言和教育等方面的优势,使其成员很快成为西方在中东经济掠夺的代理人；二是巴格达犹太人与世界其他地区犹太人有着紧密的商业联系,特别是远东犹太人。指出对本民族商业传统的继承；国际商贸网络的重建以及西方殖民者对当地犹太人的认同是促成这一时期巴格达犹太社团经济繁荣的重要原因。 第四部分介绍了巴格达犹太人的文化活动。指出面对西方文明的冲击,巴格达犹太社团表现出极强的适应性。这一特征得益于现代教育在社团中的引入以及繁荣的印刷出版事业和深厚的民俗文化。这些因素共同保证了巴格达犹太社团在接受西方文明洗礼的同时,避免了自身“犹太特质”的流失。 第五部分分析了20世纪40年代末巴格达犹太社团的流散原因。指出伊拉克高涨的民族主义运动、犹太复国主义的负面影响以及伊拉克政府对犹太人移民态度的转变是促成这一时期反犹活动频繁出现,犹太人大量移居海外,直至社团衰亡的重要原因。 结语部分,在简要回顾上述各章节内容的同时,指出犹太社团作为巴格达城市母体的有机组织部分对城市安全、稳定有着很强的依赖性。城市安全对少数族群社团发展意义重大。
[Abstract]:The Middle East city is an important carrier of the Jewish culture, so that the Jewish civilization can spread the space. Historically, Jews have contributed to the Middle East city civilization. The Jewish community in Baghdad is the longest, largest and far-reaching Jewish community in the Middle East history, which has long been a Jewish community in the world. The 19th-20th century is the important history of the development of the Jewish community in Baghdad During the period, with the deepening of the modernization of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the Great Britain Empire deepened, and with the Jewish ties in other parts of the world, the ancient Baghdad Jewish community went through a great society Change. After Britain's appointed rule, the Baghdad community welcomed the rare yellow in the history of the millennium Gold period. Population natural growth rate jump; career choice is wider; education level is rapid. However, in the late 1940s, the tide of anti-Semitic people in Iraq continued to rise, and the Jewish community in Baghdad, which had more than 1300 years of history, quickly withdrew from history On the stage, in view of the importance of the 19th-20th century in the history of the Jewish community in Baghdad, this paper tries to discuss the great progress of the Jewish community in Baghdad from 19 to 20 century under the impact of western civilization, while reviewing the history of the Jewish community in Baghdad. The last revelation of the decline of the Jewish community in Baghdad. Cause. With introduction and epilogue, the article is divided into seven parts. This paper deals with the research value of this paper and the scholars at home and abroad on this topic. The paper points out that the study of the Islamic world Jewish community in the Middle East has started earlier, especially after the war in Iraq in 2003, and the western academic circles have set up a wave of research 鈥淚raqi Jews鈥，
本文编号：2297271
[Abstract]:The Middle East city is an important carrier of the Jewish culture, so that the Jewish civilization can spread the space. Historically, Jews have contributed to the Middle East city civilization. The Jewish community in Baghdad is the longest, largest and far-reaching Jewish community in the Middle East history, which has long been a Jewish community in the world. The 19th-20th century is the important history of the development of the Jewish community in Baghdad During the period, with the deepening of the modernization of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the Great Britain Empire deepened, and with the Jewish ties in other parts of the world, the ancient Baghdad Jewish community went through a great society Change. After Britain's appointed rule, the Baghdad community welcomed the rare yellow in the history of the millennium Gold period. Population natural growth rate jump; career choice is wider; education level is rapid. However, in the late 1940s, the tide of anti-Semitic people in Iraq continued to rise, and the Jewish community in Baghdad, which had more than 1300 years of history, quickly withdrew from history On the stage, in view of the importance of the 19th-20th century in the history of the Jewish community in Baghdad, this paper tries to discuss the great progress of the Jewish community in Baghdad from 19 to 20 century under the impact of western civilization, while reviewing the history of the Jewish community in Baghdad. The last revelation of the decline of the Jewish community in Baghdad. Cause. With introduction and epilogue, the article is divided into seven parts. This paper deals with the research value of this paper and the scholars at home and abroad on this topic. The paper points out that the study of the Islamic world Jewish community in the Middle East has started earlier, especially after the war in Iraq in 2003, and the western academic circles have set up a wave of research 鈥淚raqi Jews鈥，
本文编号：2297271
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