中国社会早期海洋观念的演变

发布时间：2018-11-06 07:23

【摘要】：传统中国以农业立国,农耕生产方式对土地的依附决定了这一国家的内陆属性。但是,这并不意味着传统中国是与海洋绝缘的国家,相反,它背靠大陆、面向海洋的地理格局决定了其价值选择在大陆与海洋之间往复摆荡的特性,也决定了走向海洋是其重要的取向。从历史看,中国社会早期对海洋的认知大致包括如下几个方面:第一,华夏民族共同体的形成主要源自"面向大陆"和"面向海洋"两种文明体系的交汇,这使中国文化在其初成时期即包蕴了深厚的海洋基因;第二,中国社会早期对海洋的发现,基本遵循了黄河→渤海→东海→南海逐步放大的路径,并最终形成陆海并济的国家地理观念;第三,海洋空间的深广和无限,对中国人的海洋认知和想象构成考验,所谓陆海并济的天下观,主要表现为从陆地经验向海洋想象的挪移和展开;第四,农耕文明对水或河流价值的体认,最终导致了在哲学层面对海洋价值的极端肯定。大海被视为众流的归宿和水的本源,这使传统的陆地中心观念有了向海洋中心发生反转的可能性。从史籍看,这种反转完成于魏晋时期,重要的表现是海洋成为哲学反思的对象,中国传统的道论、元气论至此蜕变为一种"以水为本"的海洋宇宙论。
[Abstract]:Traditional China was founded by agriculture, and the dependence of agricultural production mode on land determines the inland attribute of this country. However, this does not mean that traditional China is an ocean-insulated country. On the contrary, its back to the mainland and its ocean-oriented geography determine the nature of its value choice between the continent and the ocean. It also determines that moving toward the sea is its important orientation. From the historical point of view, the early understanding of the ocean in Chinese society included the following aspects: first, the formation of the Chinese National Community was mainly due to the intersection of the two civilizational systems of "facing the mainland" and "facing the sea". This makes Chinese culture contain profound marine genes in its early adulthood. Second, the early discovery of the sea in Chinese society basically followed the path of the Yellow River and Bohai Sea and the East China Sea and the South China Sea, and finally formed the national geographical concept of land, sea and economy. Third, the depth and infinity of ocean space, the Chinese people's knowledge and imagination of the sea constitute a test, the so-called land and sea to the world view, mainly shows from the land experience to the ocean imagination move and spread; Fourthly, the recognition of the value of water or river by farming civilization resulted in the extreme affirmation of the value of the sea at the philosophical level. The sea is regarded as the destination of the current and the source of water, which makes it possible for the traditional land center to reverse to the ocean center. From the historical records, this reversal was completed in the Wei and Jin dynasties, the important expression is that the ocean becomes the object of philosophical reflection. The traditional Taoism theory in China and the Yuan Qi theory have thus changed into a kind of ocean cosmology based on water.
【作者单位】：北京师范大学哲学与社会学学院;
【基金】：2010年度中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“中国美学与农耕文明”
【分类号】：D829

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